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. 2014 Apr 15;1:9. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.03.06

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Overview of select signaling pathways related to cancer stem cell maintenance, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. The Wnt, Notch, PTEN, and Hedgehog signaling pathways have been implicated in the development and maintenance of cancer stem cells. These novel regulatory mechanisms may promote self-renewal and differentiation and thereby provide avenues for therapeutic interventions. Akt, protein kinase B; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; BMI-1, BMI 1 polycomb ring finger oncogene; CK, casein kinase; CSL, suppressor of hairless; Dvl, dishellved; FZD, frizzled; FOXO, forkhead box O transcription factor family; GFs, growth factors; GSK3B, glycogen synthase 3 beta; HIF-α, hypoxia inducible factor-alpha; LRP, low denisity lipoprotein receptor-related protein; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; N(IC)1, notch intracellular domain-1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; Ptch, patched; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; RYK, related to receptor tyrosine kinase; SHh, sonic Hedgehog protein; SMO, smoothened; SUFU, suppressor of fused homolog; TCF, T cell factor transcription factor; Wnt, Wingless.