Table 3.
Detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Alzheimer’s disease
| Material | Number | Method | AD | Control | Ref |
| Brain | 38 | PCR, EM, IHC, RT-PCR, Cult | 17/19 | 1/19 | [6] |
| Brain | 25 | PCR, IHC | 0/25 | [118] | |
| Brain | 20 | PCR, IHC | 0/20 | [120] | |
| Brain | 20 | PCR, Cult | 2/15a | 1/5a | [119] |
| Brain | 21 | PCR, ISH | 21/21 | 0/1 | [123] |
| Brain | 52 | PCR, Cult, RT-PCR | 20/25 | 3/27 | [7] |
| CSF | 104 | PCR, Cult | 25/57 | 5/47 | [122] |
| Total Brain | 177 | p = 4.5×10–7, OR = 8.7 CI = 3.1–29.5 | 60/125 | 5/52 | |
| Brain and CSF | 281 | p = 9.8×10–11, OR = 7.8 CI = 3.7–17.8 | 85/182 | 10/99 |
AD, number of AD cases with positive detection/number of AD cases analyzed: Control, number of control cases with positive detection/number of control cases analyzed; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-PCR; EM, electron microscopy; Cult, culture; P, exact value of significance following Fisher test; OR, odds ratio; CI, 95% confidence interval values; IHC, immunohistochemistry. aPositive in at least one of several samples. Table adapted from Miklossy J (2011) Emerging roles of pathogens in Alzheimer disease. Expert Rev Mol Med 13, e30 [5]. Copyright 2011. Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press and Judith Miklossy.