Inhibition of binding between P252 and Cry1Ac by sugars, using ligand blot analysis. P252 was resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane, and samples from the SDS-PAGE gel (PAG-Plate) and the PDVF membrane (PVDF) were stained with CBB. P252 on the PVDF membrane was preincubated with the sugar GalNAc, GlcNAc, Gal, Fuc, or Man at a 100 mM concentration for an hour and then incubated with Cry1Ac. The sugars used in the blotting assays are shown above each panel. As a positive control, the inhibition of binding between partially purified APN-120K and Cry1Ac was demonstrated with (+) and without (−) GalNAc (bottom-right panel).