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. 2016 May 27;13(6):536. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13060536

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Costs of basic and safely managed services as percentage of gross regional product (GRP) by MDG region, with uncertainty range. Reproduced with permission from the World Bank [126]. Note: WASH = water, sanitation, and hygiene; SDG = Sustainable Development Goal; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; CCA = Caucasus and Central Asia. Gross regional product is based on the aggregated GDP of countries in each region. An economic growth rate of 5 percent is assumed all regions. Lower and upper bounds were based on three significant sources of uncertainty: (1) 100 percent of population using low-cost technology to 100 percent using high cost technology (baseline 50% each); (2) discount rate varied from 3 percent to 8 percent (baseline 5%); and (3) alternative method of transferring cost data to countries with limited unit cost data, using absolute U.S. dollar values instead of adjusting taking into account differences in purchasing power.