Table 4.

Meta-regression results for water and sanitation interventions: relative risks of diarrhea compared with no improved water, sanitation, or hygiene practice (95% confidence intervals in brackets).

Baseline	Intervention
Baseline water	Improved community source	Piped water, non-continuous	Piped water, high quality	Filter and safe storage in the household
Unimproved source	0.89 (0.78, 1.01)	0.77 (0.64, 0.92)	0.19 (0.07, 0.50)	0.53 (0.41, 0.67)
Improved community source		0.86 (0.72, 1.03)	0.21 (0.08, 0.56)	0.59 (0.49, 0.78)
Basic piped water			0.57 (0.09, 0.65)	0.69 (0.51, 0.93)
Baseline sanitation	Improved sanitation, no sewer		Sewer connection
Unimproved sanitation	0.84 (0.77, 0.91)		0.31 (0.27, 0.36)
Improved sanitation, no sewer			0.37 (0.31, 0.44)
Baseline hygiene	General hygiene education		Handwashing with soap
No hygiene education or handwashing	0.76 (0.67, 0.86)		0.60 (0.53, 0.68)

Sources: Water and sanitation: [86]; Hygiene: [15]. Results are available in these studies for water and hygiene with and without bias adjusted for non-blinding. The results above are presented without adjustment for non-blinding. As stated in [86], blinding and randomisation of study participants in water and sanitation interventions is often not possible and sometimes may not be desirable as blinding could negatively influence compliance and community dynamics which are important components for the adoption of interventions (page 11).