Table 7.

Benefit-Cost Ratios from Global Studies.

Study and Intervention	Benefit-Cost Ratio
Whittington et al. (2009)—modeled approach
Networked water and sewerage services	0.65
Deep borehole with public hand pump	4.64
Household water treatment (bio-sand filters)	2.48
Total sanitation campaign (South Asia)	3.00
Hutton (2013)—modeled approach
Improved water supply (JMP definition)	2.00
Improved sanitation (JMP definition)	5.50

Source: [129,132]. All studies include the value associated with health and convenience time savings.