Figure 5. Alterations in the expression of the FoxO family of transcription factors are present in skeletal muscles of symptomatic stage Smn^2B/− mice and are reversed upon TSA treatment.

(a–c) FoxO mRNA levels are generally not altered in muscles from Smn^−/−; SMN2 mice, except for FoxO3 which is slightly increased at symptomatic stage (P5). (d–f) In contrast, muscles from Smn^2B/− mice show a significant increase in the levels of FoxO1, FoxO3 and FoxO4 transcripts at the symptomatic stage (P21) in comparison to controls (p = 0.024, 0.012, and 0.00032, respectively). (g) FoxO mRNA levels in muscles of Smn^2B/− mice dropped to control levels upon TSA treatment. (N = 4 for a–f, N = 3 for g; p ≤ 0.05 for *, p ≤ 0.01 for **, and p ≤ 0.001 for ***).