Table 1.
Effects of each component of MetS on bone health in in vivo experiments.
| Researcher (Year) | Types of Animal Model | Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Obesity | ||
| Nunez et al. 2007 [40] | Calorically dense diet-induced obese ovariectomized mice | ↑ body adiposity, ↑ leptin; ↓ BMD, ↓ BMC |
| Halade et al. 2010 [31] | HF diet-induced obese mice | ↑ body weight, ↑ total body fat mass, ↑ abdominal fat mass; ↓ BMD |
| Xu et al. 2013 [32] | HF diet-induced obese mice | ↓ tibia weight, ↓ BMD of tibia, fat cells accumulated in bone marrow of obese mice |
| Fujita & Maki 2015 [33] | HF diet-induced obese mice | ↑ body weight, ↑ total cholesterol, ↑ DL cholesterol, ↑ leptin, ↑triglyceride, ↑ Tb.Sp; ↓ BV/TV, ↓ Tb.N, ↓ Tb.Th |
| Dyslipidemia | ||
| Parhami et al. 2001 [41] | Atherogenic HF diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice | ↓ femoral mineral content, ↓ femoral mineral density, ↓ vertebral mineral content, ↓ osteocalcin |
| Graham et al. 2010 [34] | HF diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice | ↑ total cholesterol, ↑ LDL, ↑ unesterified cholesterol; ↓ BMC value in femur and tibia, ↓ trabecular bone volume, thickness, and number |
| Pirih et al. 2012 [35] | HF diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice | ↓ cortical bone volume fraction (BV/TV), ↑ cortical porosity, ↓ bone strength and stiffness, ↓ PINP; ↑ PTH, ↑ TNF-α, ↑ CTX |
| Pelton et al. 2012 [36] | HFHC diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice | ↑ triglyceride; ↓ BMD, ↓ failure load, ↓ energy to fracture |
| Hyperglycemia | ||
| Ward et al. 2001 [37] | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↑ urinary calcium, ↓ bone formation marker |
| Amir et al. 2002 [38] | Cohen diabetic rat | ↓ BMD in distal femur and vertebra |
| Grasemann et al. 2012 [42] | Autosomal dominant diabetic mice (hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia Akita mice) | ↓ body weight, impaired glucose tolerance, ↓ whole body BMD, ↓ trabecular bone mass |
| Liu et al. 2013 [43] | STZ-induced diabetic rats | ↓ BMD in femur, ↓ numbers of osteoblasts |
| Hypertension | ||
| Metz et al. 1990 [44] | SHR | ↓ BMD, ↓ bone magnesium |
| Wang et al. 1993 [45] | SHR (26-week-old) | ↓ body weight, ↓ BV/TV, ↓ Tb.Th, ↓ Tb.N, ↓ number of osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells; ↑ blood pressure, ↑ number of osteoclasts |
| Wright & DeMoss, 2000 [46] | SHR (24-week-old) | ↑ bone turnover in both male and female rats |
| Bastos et al. 2010 [39] | SHR | ↓ percentage of trabecular bone area, ↓ percentage of newly-formed bone area |
| Lee et al. 2014 [47] | SHR (20-month-old) | ↑ BV/TV, ↑ Tb.N; ↓ Tb.Sp |
Abbreviation: BMC = bone mineral content; BMD = bone mineral density; BV/TV = bone volume/total volume; CTX = C-terminal telopeptide of type-1 collagen; LDL = low density lipoprotein; PINP = amino-terminal propeptide of type-1 collagen; PTH = parathyroid hormone; Tb.N = trabecular number; Tb.Sp = trabecular separation; Tb.Th = trabecular thickness; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α.