| Akt | protein kinase B |
| AL | ad libitum |
| AMPK | adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
| AP-1 | activator protein-1 |
| BP | blood pressure |
| BW | body weight |
| CR | caloric restriction |
| CRP | high-sensitivity C-reactive protein |
| CV | cardiovascular |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
| FA | fatty acid |
| FFAs | free fatty-acids |
| FMD | flow-mediated dilation |
| GI | glycemic index |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| HFD | high-fat diet |
| HP | low-fat, high-protein, reduced-carbohydrate |
| IL | interleukin |
| JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinases |
| MCP-1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| NF-κB | nuclear factor κB |
| NO | nitric oxide |
| O2− | superoxide anion |
| PAI-1 | plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 |
| PI3K | phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
| PVAT | perivascular adipose tissue |
| SHR | spontaneously hypertensive rats |
| SIRT1 | sirtuin-1 |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes |
| TG | triglycerides |
| TGFβ1 | transforming growth factor beta-1 |
| TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor α |
| VLCD | very low-calorie diet |
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