Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample aged 40–64 years by visual impairment status in 22 Statesa, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2006–2010, United States.
| n | Total % (95% CI) | No difficulty seeing % (95% CI) | A little difficulty seeing % (95% CI) | Moderate/severe difficulty seeing % (95% CI) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, years | 0.002 | |||||
| 40–54 | 58,849 | 67.7 (67.2–68.3) | 67.1 (66.3–67.8) | 69.6 (68.5–70.6) | 67.7 (66.3–69.1) | |
| 55–64 | 43,130 | 32.3 (31.7–32.8) | 32.9 (32.2–33.7) | 30.4 (29.4–31.5) | 32.3 (30.9–33.7) | |
| Female | 62,588 | 50.8 (50.1–51.5) | 48.2 (47.3–49.1) | 54.1 (52.8–55.4) | 55.6 (54.0–57.2) | <0.001 |
| Married | 63,100 | 71.7 (71.2–72.3) | 74.7 (73.9–75.3) | 70.1 (69.0–71.2) | 63.6 (62.1–65.1) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 81,942 | 75.9 (75.3–76.5) | 77.4 (76.6–78.2) | 76.4 (75.2–77.5) | 70.1 (68.6–71.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 10,353 | 9.9 (9.5–10.2) | 9.3 (8.8–9.7) | 10.1 (9.4–10.8) | 11.9 (11.0–12.8) | |
| Hispanic | 5376 | 9.7 (9.2–10.2) | 8.8 (8.2–9.5) | 9.4 (8.5–10.3) | 13.5 (12.3–14.8) | |
| Other | 3578 | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 4.6 (4.2–5.0) | 4.1 (3.7–4.6) | 4.5 (3.9–5.3) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | |||||
| <High school | 7789 | 8.4 (8.0–8.9) | 6.6 (6.1–7.1) | 8.0 (7.4–8.8) | 15.6 (14.2–17.0) | |
| High school graduate | 30,145 | 26.8 (26.2–27.3) | 25.0 (24.3–25.7) | 27.5 (26.4–28.6) | 32.3 (30.9–33.7) | |
| >High school | 63,951 | 64.8 (64.2–65.4) | 68.4 (67.6–69.2) | 64.5 (63.3–65.7) | 52.2 (50.6–53.7) | |
| Annual household income >$35,000 | 61,204 | 71.3 (70.7–71.9) | 75.9 (75.1–76.6) | 70.6 (69.4–71.7) | 55.7 (54.1–57.3) | <0.001 |
| Employed | 68,918 | 71.6 (71.0–72.2) | 75.0 (74.3–75.8) | 71.5 (70.4–72.6) | 59.3 (57.8–60.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 11,654 | 10.3 (9.9–10.7) | 8.7 (8.3–9.2) | 10.8 (10.1–11.6) | 15.2 (13.9–16.5) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | 3572 | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 3.3 (3.1–3.6) | 3.9 (3.5–4.4) | 6.8 (6.2–7.4) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 3025 | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 2.6 (2.2–3.0) | 5.3 (4.5–6.2) | <0.001 |
| Heart attack | 3453 | 3.9 (3.7–4.1) | 3.1 (2.9–3.4) | 3.7 (3.4–4.2) | 6.8 (6.2–7.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <0.001 | |||||
| Normal, <25 | 30,567 | 31.5 (30.8–32.1) | 32.0 (31.1–32.8) | 31.5 (30.3–32.7) | 29.6 (28.1–31.1) | |
| Overweight, 25–<30 | 35,879 | 38.0 (37.4–38.7) | 38.9 (38.0–39.8) | 36.8 (35.5–38.1) | 36.6 (35.1–38.2) | |
| Obese, ≦30 | 31,169 | 30.5 (29.9–31.1) | 29.1 (28.3–29.9) | 31.7 (30.5–32.9) | 33.8 (32.2–35.3) | |
| Leisure-time physical activity | 74,205 | 74.8 (74.2–75.4) | 77.7 (76.9–78.4) | 74.7 (73.7–75.7) | 64.7 (63.2–66.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
| Current smoker | 21,927 | 20.8 (20.3–21.4) | 18.3 (17.7–19.0) | 20.8 (19.7–21.9) | 30.1 (28.6–31.5) | |
| Former smoker | 28,160 | 27.4 (26.8–28.0) | 27.2 (26.4–28.0) | 27.4 (26.3–28.6) | 27.9 (26.5–29.4) | |
| Never smoker | 51,579 | 51.8 (51.1–52.4) | 54.5 (53.6–55.4) | 51.8 (50.5–53.1) | 42.0 (40.5–43.6) | |
| Regular health care provider | 88,916 | 85.4 (84.9–85.9) | 86.0 (85.2–86.6) | 85.2 (84.2–86.2) | 83.8 (82.7–84.9) | 0.001 |
| Medical care cost issues | 14,213 | 13.8 (13.4–14.3) | 10.2 (9.7–10.7) | 14.7 (13.8–15.7) | 25.7 (24.2–27.1) | <0.001 |
| Health insurance coverage | 88,819 | 86.5 (86.0–86.9) | 88.1 (87.5–88.7) | 86.4 (85.4–87.3) | 80.7 (79.5–81.9) | <0.001 |
a
The 22 states using the BRFSS vision module at least once in the years 2006–2010 include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
b
P value is from chi-square test of the null hypothesis for equality of covariate levels across the levels of visual impairment.
CI, confidence interval.