Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable models assessing the association of antibiotic exposure and all covariates of interest with the risk of obesity at age 4 years
| Exposure | Exposed and obese | Univariable Analysis | Most fully adjusted model assessing number of prescriptions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number exposed | Number obese (% of exposed) | OR, (95% CI) | OR, (95% CI) | |
| Number of antibiotic prescriptions: | 6,844 | 355 (5.2%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0 (ref) | ||||
| 1–2 | 8,761 | 492 (5.6%) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) |
| 3–5 | 4,481 | 332 (7.4%) | 1.46 (1.25–1.71) | 1.41 (1.20–1.65) |
| >5 | 1,628 | 127 (7.8%) | 1.55 (1.25–1.91) | 1.47 (1.19–1.82) |
| Maternal Obesity | 10,964 | 557 (5.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-obese mother identified (ref) | ||||
| No mother identified | 9,287 | 594 (6.4%) | 1.27 (1.13–1.44) | 1.25 (1.08–1.43) |
| Obese mother identified | 1,463 | 155 (10.6%) | 2.21 (1.84–2.67) | 1.97 (1.62–2.38) |
| Maternal Diabetes | 12,324 | 701 (5.7%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not diabetic (ref) | ||||
| Diabetic mother | 103 | 11 (10.3%) | 1.98 (1.06–3.72) | 1.51 (0.79–2.90) |
| Sibling obesity | 4,662 | 208 (4.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Siblings identified without obesity (ref) | ||||
| No Sibling identified | 16,678 | 1,049 (6.3%) | 1.44 (1.23–1.67) | 1.42 (1.23–1.68) |
| Obese sibling identified | 374 | 49 (13.1%) | 3.23 (2.32–4.50) | 2.64 (1.88–3.70) |
| Country | 16,231 | 981 (6.0%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| England (ref) | ||||
| N. Ireland | 896 | 48 (5.4%) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 2.08 (1.07–4.11) |
| Scotland | 3,401 | 188 (5.5%) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 2.18 (1.17–4.03) |
| Wales | 1,186 | 89 (7.5%) | 1.26 (1.01–1.58) | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) |
| Townsend Score | 4,476 | 221 (4.9%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 (ref) | ||||
| 2 | 4,251 | 227 (5.3%) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) | 1.07 (0.88–1.29) |
| 3 | 4,252 | 239 (5.6%) | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) |
| 4 | 4,401 | 296 (6.7%) | 1.39 (1.16–1.66) | 1.30 (1.15–1.63) |
| 5 | 3,447 | 275 (8.0%) | 1.67 (1.39–2.00) | 1.52 (1.26–1.84) |
| Missing | 887 | 48 (5.4%) | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | 2.19 (1.30–3.71) |
| Urban environment | 3,553 | 193 (5.4%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-urban environment (ref) | ||||
| Urban environment | 13,166 | 847 (6.4%) | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) |
| Missing t | 4,995 | 266 (5.3%) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 0.39 (0.21–0.76) |
| Gender | 11,094 | 673 (6.1%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male (ref) | ||||
| Female | 10,620 | 633 (6.0%) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
| Year of birth | --- | --- | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) |
| Obesity in first year | 8,928 | 471 (5.3%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Obese in first year (ref) | ||||
| Obese in first year | 617 | 93 (15.1%) | 3.19 (2.51–4.05) | 3.13 (2.46–4.00) |
| Missing | 12,169 | 742 (6.1%) | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) |
| Method of delivery | 4,718 | 261 (5.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Vaginal Delivery (ref) | ||||
| Caesarian section | 946 | 75 (7.4%) | 1.35 (1.04–1.77) | 1.20 (0.92–1.15) |
| Missing | 15,005 | 970 (6.1%) | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) |