Table 1.
Summary of the biomolecular characteristics identified in chicken ovarian cancer. Evidence notes: IHC = immunohistochemical staining, mRNA = targeted messenger RNA analysis, Global mRNA = global (chip-based) messenger RNA analysis, WB = Western blotting, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Flow Cyt. = flow cytometry, LC-MS/MS = liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
| Reference (year) | Proteins/Genes of Interest |
Notes | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rodriguez-Burford et al.[65] (2001) | CA-125 CEA cytokeratin AE1/AE3 cytokeratin 34βE1/E2 EGFR erbB-2 (Her2) Ki-67 Lewis Y p27 PCNA Tag 72 TGF-α MUC-1 and MUC-2 |
CA-125, PCNA, p27, and TGF-alpha IHC staining was negative in OVC tumors EGFR, Her2, AE1/AE3, 34βE1/E2, Lewis Y, CEA, and Tag 72 IHC staining was positive in OVC tumors |
IHC |
| Giles et al.[42] (2004) | Ovalbumin | Ovalbumin is expressed primarily in healthy oviducts and it is the most abundant protein in egg white. Not normally expressed in healthy ovaries but was found to be up-regulated in OVC tumor tissues. | IHC |
| Giles et al.[75] (2006) | PCNA Cytokeratin Progesterone receptor Vimentin |
Cytokeratin, PCNA, and progesterone receptor IHC staining was positive in primary OSE cells and OVC tumors. Vimentin showed negative/weak IHC staining in OSE cells and OVC tumors |
IHC |
| Urick et al.[76] (2006) | COX-1 COX-2 |
COX-1 was up-regulated in chicken OVC tumors vs. healthy ovaries but no difference was detected for COX-2 levels. | mRNA, IHC |
| Jackson et al.[36] (2007) | CA-125 | Up-regulated in OVC tumors and 90% of ascites-derived primary OVC cells after 28 hrs in culture | WB, IHC |
| Stammer et al.[77] (2008) | Selenium-binding protein 1 | Expressed in both healthy and OVC tissues but lower levels observed in OVC tumors | mRNA, WB, IHC |
| Urick et al.[30] (2008) | VEGF COX-1 COX-2 Prostaglandin E2 |
VEGF levels were measured in ascites-derived primary OVC cells from chickens as a function of COX-1 and COX-2 specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory inhibitors. | mRNA, IHC, ELISA |
| Ansenberger et al.[38] (2009) | E-cadherin | Up-regulated in OVC tumors relative to healthy ovarian tissues | mRNA, IHC, WB |
| Hakim et al.[37] (2009) | p53 H-ras K-ras Her2 |
Mutational frequencies in chicken OVC tumors for p53 (48%), H-ras (0%), and K-ras (3%) were similar to human OVC. IHC staining for Her2 was positive in 53% of chicken OVC tumors | DNA seq., IHC |
| Urick et al.[31] (2009) | Prostaglandin E2 | Decreased levels as a function of aspirin treatment | ELISA |
| Zhuge et al.[78] (2009) | CYP1B1 | P450 enzyme up-regulated in chicken OVC tumors | mRNA |
| Ahn et al.[79] (2010) | Cysteine cathespins | Over-expressed in OVC tumors relative to normal ovaries | mRNA |
| Hawkridge et al.[43] (2010) | Ovostatin 2 | Predicted member of the MEROPS I39 protease inhibitor family; up-regulated in OVC plasma, tumors | LC-MS/MS proteomics |
| Seo et al.[80] (2010) | Claudin 10 | Up-regulated in OVC tumors | mRNA |
| Trevino et al.[39] (2011) | Paired box 2 protein E-cadherin |
Identified several oviduct-specific proteins suggesting oviductal involvement in chicken OVC | Global mRNA, IHC |
| Choi et al.[81] (2011) | Matrix metalloprotease 3 (MMP-3) | MMP-3 was over-expressed in OVC tumors | mRNA |
| Dixon et al.[50] (2011) | Plasma N-linked glycome | Pilot study investigating the potential for N-linked glycans from plasma proteins to serve as OVC biomarkers | LC-MS/MS |
| Gonzalez-Bosque et al.[40] (2011) | E-cadherin | Metastatic chicken OVC tumors showed higher E-cadherin levels than localized OVC tumors. | Global mRNA |
| Lim et al.[44] (2011) | Alpha-2 macroglobulin | Up-regulated in serous OVC tumors | mRNA |
| Seo et al.[82] (2011) | CASP-1,2,3,6, and 9 BCL2 |
Apoptosis gene expression signature of chicken OVC was studied. Cysteine aspartate-specific protease 1 was up-regulated in OVC | mRNA |
| Yu et al.[83] (2011) | Mesothelin Mesothelin autoantibodies |
Investigated the presence of mesothelin in OVC tissues and mesothelin autoantibodies in sera | mRNA ELISA |
| Eilati et al.[61] (2012) | COX-1 COX-2 Prostaglandin E2 |
COX-1, COX-2, and PGE2 were all up-regulated in OVC vs. healthy ovaries. | mRNA, IHC |
| Jeong et al.[84] (2012) | AHCYL1 | S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like protein 1 levels were associated with OVC | mRNA |
| Lee et al.[85] (2012) | Cyclins Cyclin dependent kinases Cylcin dependent kinase inhibitors |
Cell cycle-related gene regulation in OVC tissues was investigated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level |
mRNA |
| Lee et al.[86] (2012) | Pleiotrophin | Estrogen regulated protein expressed primarily in the oviducts of healthy birds. Expressed in OVC tumors | mRNA, IHC |
| Lim et al.[87] (2012) | Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) | Down regulated in oviductal epithelium upon exposure to estrogen but up-regulated in chicken endometrial OVC | mRNA |
| Lim et al.[88] (2012) | SERPIN B3 | Member of the serpin protease family; up-regulated in chicken OVC tumors with proposed potential as a prognostic marker for platinum resistance | mRNA |
| Lim et al.[89] (2012) | SERPIN B11 | Up-regulated in endometrial OVC tumors of the chicken | mRNA |
| Andrews Kingdon et al.[51] (2013) | Ovostatin 2 TTR |
Validation and quantification of Ovostatin 2 and transthyreitin in plasma by selected reaction monitoring LC-MS/MS assay | LC-MS/MS proteomics |
| Bae et al.[90] (2013) | Beta-catenin | Associated with cadherins and involved with intercellular adhesion. Over-expressed in OVC tissues | mRNA |
| Braderic et al.[91] (2013) | T cells B cells |
T and B cells were measured following sonography levels were found to correlate with the presence and stage of OVC | Sonography, Flow Cyt., IHC |
| Lee et al.[92] (2013) | DNMT1 DNMT3A DNMT3B |
Expression patterns and cellular location of DNA methyltransferases in OVC and healthy chicken ovaries | mRNA |
| Lim et al.[72] (2013) | WNT4 | Oviduct-specific protein over-expressed in OVC tumors | mRNA |
| Lim et al.[93] (2013) | Beta-defensin 11 | Differentially expressed in OVC tumors versus healthy ovarian tissues. | mRNA, IHC |
| Tiwari et al.[41] (2013) | E-cadherin N-cadherin Cytokeratin Vimentin Mesothelin Inhibin Estrogen receptors (ER-α and ER-β) Progesterone receptor Ovalbumin |
Characterization of several ascites-derived chicken ovarian cancer cell lines. Chicken OVC cells showed higher expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin and lower expression levels of cytokeratin compared to normal chicken OSE. Ovalbumin was up-regulated in OVC tumors in agreement with earlier studies but it was not detected in any of the chicken OVC cell lines. |
mRNA, WB |