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Effects of systemic anesthetics on Fos expression in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO). Wakefulness (A) and ketamine (B) completely suppress Fos expression in the VLPO, whereas spontaneous sleep (C), muscimol (D), pentobarbital (E), and chlorate hydrate (F) all are associated with Fos expression in the VLPO. OC, optic chiasm. Scale bar = 200 μm.
