(A) The abduction and total rotation detected in the sham, model, NC, and Smad4 shRNA groups, samples from the groups undergoing three months of treatment. From trunk, the shoulder is removed from the trunk; removal other than cuff, after removal of the muscles other than the rotator cuff muscles; capsule intact, removal of the rotator cuff muscles with the joint capsule intact; ant-inf, after anteroinferior capsulotomy; and ant-sup, after anterosuperior capsulotomy. (B) The lengths of synovial intima in the sham, model, NC and Smad4 shRNA groups. The error bars represent the standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 compared with the immobilized group.