Scheme 1.

Principle of biomimetic nucleation and growth of hydroxylapatite crystals on the surface of SIS membrane from 1.5 SBF solution at the body temperature. The SIS membrane is incubated in 1.5 SBF at the body temperature to initiate the nucleation of HAP on the constituent collagen fibers. The HAP precursor ions (Ca²⁺, $\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{O}}_4^{3-}$ and OH⁻) are deposited on the membrane surface to promote the nucleation of HAP.