Table 1.
Baseline* Characteristics of Study Long-term Care Residents (N=11,531) and Nursing Homes (N=7,158)
| Resident Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Male sex—n (%) | 4,598 (39.9) |
| Age at time of medication initiation—mean (SD) years | 81.0 (8.5) |
| ≥65 to <75 | 2,837 (24.6) |
| ≥75 to <85 | 4,279 (37.1) |
| ≥85 to <95 | 3,939 (34.2) |
| ≥95 | 476 (4.1) |
| Race/ethnicity—n (%) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 8,905 (77.2) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1,816 (15.8) |
| Hispanic | 522 (4.5) |
| Other | 288 (2.5) |
| Body mass index, last MDS assessment in prior year—mean (SD) | 27.9 (7.3) |
| Inpatient hospitalization, past year—n (%) | 3,487 (30.1) |
| Comorbidities, last MDS assessment in prior year— n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 8,967 (77.8) |
| Congestive heart failure | 3,338 (29.0) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3,007 (26.1) |
| Stroke | 2,995 (26) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2,073 (18) |
| Dysrhythmia | 2,149 (18.6) |
| Coronary atherosclerosis | 1,912 (16.6) |
| End-stage renal disease | 1,440 (12.5) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 336 (2.9) |
| Transient ischemic attack | 319 (2.8) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 236 (2.1) |
| Geriatric Conditions, last MDS assessment in past year —n (%) | |
| MDS-ADL Score Categories—n (%)† | |
| Independent | 969 (8.4) |
| Supervision required to limited impairment | 1,730 (15.0) |
| Extensive assistance required | 4,429 (38.5) |
| Dependent to totally dependent | 4,403 (38.1) |
| Bladder incontinence | 8,544 (74.1) |
| Dementia | 4,844 (42) |
| Fell, past 180 days | 3,646 (31.6) |
| Weight loss, ≥5% in prior 30 days or ≥10% in prior 180 days—n (%) |
1,009 (8.8) |
| Antipsychotic medication use, last MDS assessment | 2,575 (22.3) |
|
| |
| Nursing Home Characteristics‡ | |
|
| |
| Multi-facility corporation member—n (%) | 3,935 (55.3) |
| For profit—n (%) | 5,201 (72.7) |
| Hospital-based—n (%) | 234 (3.3) |
| Number of beds—n (%) | |
| <100 | 2,349 (32.8) |
| 100-200 | 4,058 (56.7) |
| >200 | 751 (10.5) |
| Direct care hours/day/resident, mean (SD) § | 3.5 (0.9) |
| Quality measures | |
| Percent residents physically restrained, median (IQR) | 1.8 (0-4.7) |
| Percent residents on psychoactive medications, mean (SD) ∥ | 65.8 (13.5) |
| ≥1 quality-of-life survey deficiency | 3,057 (42.7) |
| More than 50% of residents on Medicaid—n (%) | 5,928 (82.8) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; MDS, Minimum Data Set; IQR, interquartile range.
*
Prior to initiation of a diabetes medication
†
Minimum Data Set Activities of Daily Living Self-Performance Hierarchy Scale
‡
Measured at last Online Survey Certification and Reporting assessment in prior 15 months
§
Includes registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, and certified nursing assistant hours
∥
Includes antipsychotic, antidepressant, antianxiety, and hypnotic medications