Table 3.
Fixed effects for clinical symptoms in time before suicide attempt/death
| Main effect for suicidal behavior | Time by suicidal behavior interaction | Overall effect size between groups | Effect size at Month -1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| F | p-value | F | p-value | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | |
| Proposed acute suicide risk factors | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Suicidal ideation | 58.57 | <0.001f | 7.31 | <0.001f | 0.67 | 0.41 |
| Loss of interest | 13.28 | <0.001f | 4.00 | 0.001f | 0.31 | 0.22 |
| Abnormal anxiety | 12.91 | <0.001f | 2.39 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.20 |
| Psychomotor agitation | 4.22 | 0.04 | 2.64 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.14 |
| High-risk behavior | 6.20 | 0.013 | 0.86 | 0.51 | 0.22 | 0.06 |
|
| ||||||
| Global functioning | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| CGIa | 53.28 | <0.001 | 5.84 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.38 |
| GAFb | 30.51 | <0.001 | 4.84 | <0.001 | 0.48 | 0.33 |
|
| ||||||
| Mood effects | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Elevated moodc | 9.89 | 0.002 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.08 |
| Abnormal irritabilityc | 13.01 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.11 |
| Depressed moodd | 13.62 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.24 |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol/substance abuse and headaches/migrainese | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 4.46 | 0.035 | 1.66 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.05 |
| Substance abuse | 12.31 | <0.001 | 1.49 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.06 |
| Headaches | 4.30 | 0.039 | 1.01 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.09 |
| Migraine headaches | 0.61 | 0.44 | 1.17 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
CGI = Clinical Global Impression rating scale. Higher scores represent more severe illness. Average CGI in the last month before suicidal behavior was 3.7 [standard error (SE) = 0.1]. Average CGI in last month for controls was 2.58 (SE = 0.07).
GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning. Higher scores represent higher levels of functioning. Average GAF in the last month before suicidal behavior was 56.3 (SE = 1.2). Average GAF in last month for controls was 65.1 (SE = 0.7).
Elevated mood and Abnormal irritability were assessed on a similar scale as Abnormal Anxiety, that is, a percentage (from 0 to 100) of time in the last 10 days was that the symptom was experienced.
Depressed mood was assessed on the same scale as suicidal thoughts, loss of interest, psychomotor agitation, and high-risk behavior, that is, on a scale from −2 to +2.
Alcohol/substance abuse and Headaches/migraines were measured on a dichotomous scale of ‘Yes/No’.
Significant after correcting for multiple comparisons, Bonferroni, p = 0.01, two-tailed.