Table 1.
Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics
| Normal Control Subjects (n = 12) |
Lean T2D Patients (n = 15) |
Obese T2D Patients (n = 27) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 50 ± 10 | 56 ± 9 | 56 ± 8 | 0.163 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 2 | 33 ± 3∗ | <0.001 |
| Male | 58 | 60 | 40 | 0.35 |
| Diabetes duration, yrs | — | 6.1 ± 4.7 | 6.6 ± 6.5 | 0.78 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 66 ± 10 | 65 ± 7 | 69 ± 7 | 0.34 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 118 ± 14 | 131 ± 7† | 130 ± 9† | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 70 ± 8 | 76 ± 7 | 76 ± 7 | 0.05 |
| Plasma fasting glucose, mmol/l | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 8.1 ± 3.0† | 9.5 ± 3.3† | 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | — | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.4 | 0.22 |
| Hematocrit, % | 43 ± 3 | 42 ± 3 | 43 ± 3 | 0.81 |
| Insulin, pmol/l | — | 107 ± 142 | 218 ± 255 | 0.03 |
| HOMA-IR, % | — | 1.26 ± 0.70 | 5.45 ± 5.6 | 0.03 |
| Plasma triglycerides, mmol/l | 0.92 ± 0.38 | 1.87 ± 1.81 | 1.75 ± 0.81 | 0.15 |
| Plasma free fatty acids, mmol/l | 0.59 ± 0.42 | 0.61 ± 0.20 | 0.67 ± 0.43 | 0.82 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 0.10 |
| HDL, mmol/l | 1.55 ± 0.56 | 1.24 ± 0.29 | 1.20 ± 0.31† | 0.03 |
| LDL, mmol/l | 2.93 ± 0.46 | 1.85 ± 0.59† | 2.12 ± 0.82† | 0.002 |
| Medications | ||||
| Metformin | — | 14 (93) | 23 (85) | 0.45 |
| Sulfonylurea | — | 4 (27) | 12 (44) | 0.27 |
| Aspirin | — | 2 (13) | 7 (26) | 0.35 |
| Statin | — | 8 (60) | 19 (70) | 0.51 |
| ACE-I | — | 7 (47) | 10 (37) | 0.56 |
Values are mean ± SD, %, or n (%).
ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI = body mass index; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; T2D = type 2 diabetes.
∗
p < 0.05 versus lean T2D and control subjects with Bonferroni correction.
†
p < 0.05 versus control subjects with Bonferroni correction.