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Icariin, icaritin, and icariside II exert apoptotic effects through multiple mechanisms, which include the inhibition of β-catenin-dependent signaling, EGFR signaling, MAPK/ERK signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, JAK/STAT3 signaling, and COX-2/PGE2 signaling. The activated pathways are such as ROS/JNK dependent mitochondria pathway, FAS-dependent apoptosis, JNK1 signaling, ERS signaling and ERK1/2 signaling. PI3K/Akt signaling can also be activated to inactivate JAK/STAT pathway.
