Table 3.

Anti-angiogenic effect of icariin and its derivatives.

Compound	Model/Cell Line	Study Type	Observation/Mechanism	References
Herba Epimedii ethyl acetate fraction	HUVECS and Zebrafish embryos	In vitro and In vivo	Inhibition of HUVECs proliferation, migration, and VEGF-induced tube formation as well as significant inhibition of blood vessel formation in zebrafish embryos, due to inhibition of ERK signaling pathways	Yu et al., 2013
Icariin	HepG2 tumor	In vivo	Decrease in CD31+ vessels in tumor	Yang et al., 2009
	HUVECS and CAM Assay	In vitro and In vivo	Inhibition of proliferation of HUVECs and inhibition of angiogenesis in CAM, reduced expression of VEGF	Ye et al., 2015
Icaritin	CAM Assay	In vivo	Inhibition of angiogenesis in CAM	Hong et al., 2013
	Renca tumor	In vivo	Decrease in the mean positive area of CD31 in immunohistochemical analyses of tumor, reduced expression of VEGF, due to inhibition of activity of STAT3	Li et al., 2013b
	HUVECS	In vitro	Inhibition of HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube formation	Zhang, 2014
Icariside II	HUVECS	In vitro	Inhibition of angiogenic function with reduced widths and lengths of the endothelial network-like structures in HUVECS, reduced expression of VEGF in human osteosarcoma cells	Choi et al., 2008