Table 4.

Anti-metastatic effect of icariin and its derivatives.

Compound	Cell Line	Study Type	Mechanism	References
Icariin	Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A459)	In vitro	Decreased migration and adhesion of cells	Di et al., 2015
	Human lung cancer cells (PG)	In vitro	Decreased cell adhesive ratio to laminin substrate and reduced cell ability of invasion or migration	Mao et al., 2000
	Gastric carcinoma cells (BGC-823)	In vitro	Inhibition of cells migration through downregulation of cell motility-related genes Rac1 and VASP	Wang et al., 2010
Icaritin	Human glioblastoma cells (U87MG)	In vitro	Downregulation of EMMPRIN via the PTEN/Akt/HIF-1α signaling pathway	Xu et al., 2015
	Human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS2)	In vitro	Decreased cell motility, through downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression	Wang and Wang, 2014
Icariside II	Human osteosarcoma cells (HOS)	In vitro	Inhibition of the transcription of hypoxia-inducible genes involved in invasion/migration, such as uPAR, ADM, and MMP2	Choi et al., 2008
	Human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231)	In vitro	Downregulation of the expression of CXCR4, through suppression of NF-κB activation	Kim and Park, 2014
	Human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549 and H1299)	In vitro and In vivo	Inhibit of TNF-α-induced migration and EMT of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, through inhibition of Akt/NF-κB pathway	Song et al., 2016