Figure 1. Evaluation of the sperm nuclear chromatin integrity. (A) Chromomycin A3 (CMA3), bright yellow stained spermatozoa were considered as CMA3 positive or protamine deficient (arrow) while green stained spermatozoa were considered to be CMA3 negative, with a normal amount of protamine. (B) Toluidine blue staining, dark blue stained (arrow) were abnormal spermatozoa and unstained or pale blue stained were normal spermatozoa. (C) Acridine orange (AO), orange-red stained (arrows) were abnormal spermatozoa (denatured DNA) while green stained spermatozoa were considered to be AO negative (non-denatured DNA) (×1,000).
