Table 3. Semen parameters, serum IGF-1 levels, and seminal plasma IGF-1 levels of the normal and abnormal semen parameter groups.

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; Group A, normal semen parameters; Group B, abnormal sperm motility; Group C, abnormal sperm morphology; Group D, more than two abnormal semen parameters.

^a)p<0.001, two-sided t-test.