Figure 2.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) upregulates WISP1 expression. (a) LPMCs (5 × 10⁵/mL) from healthy controls were stimulated with anti-CD3 (5 μg/mL) and anti-CD28 (2 μg/mL) in the presence of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-17A (20 ng/mL) for 48 h, and WISP1 relative expression was determined by qRT-PCR. (b) LPMCs were stimulated with anti-CD3 (5 μg/mL) and anti-CD28 (2 μg/mL) in the presence of different doses of TNF-α (10 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, and 50 ng/mL) for 48 h. WISP1 relative expression was determined by qRT-PCR. (c) LPMCs were stimulated with anti-CD3 (5 μg/mL) and anti-CD28 (2 μg/mL) in the presence of TNF-α (20 ng/mL) and cultured for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. WISP1 relative expression was determined by qRT-PCR. (d) Colonic biopsies were obtained from CD patients prior to and after IFX treatment. WISP1 relative expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Representative results from three independent experiments are shown. (a, b, and c) One-way ANOVA and (d) Student's t-test. ^∗ p < 0.05, ^∗∗ p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗ p < 0.001; data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. for all samples.