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. 2016 Jun 29;6:28949. doi: 10.1038/srep28949

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Two sensor electrodes are mounted on the top and the bottom side of the bandage forming a capacitor. (a) The bleeding is sensed when the blood from the wound penetrates into the bandage and changes the dielectric constant to ε_r1 which is greater than ε_r. (b) The external pressure is sensed when the pressure changes the distance between the electrode to d₁ which is less than d. (c) The pH levels are sensed when the resistance of the carbon based bottom electrode changes in response to pH.