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. 2016 Jun 29;6:28653. doi: 10.1038/srep28653

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(A) GDF-15 increased glutamate release, as measured by HPLC. Glutamate concentration was normalized against protein concentration. (B–D) Effects of LY2109761, SB431542, and U0126 on GDF-15-induced up-regulation of glutamate concentration in ACSF. Results are shown as means ± SEM. *p < 0.05 compared with corresponding control (without GDF-15) determined by unpaired Student’s t-test.