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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2015 Jul 31;78(4):501–514. doi: 10.1002/ana.24471

TABLE 1.

Laboratory Results

Test Value Normal Range
At time of brain biopsy
  Red blood cells 5.13 × 106/µl 4–5.65
  Platelets 241 × 103/µl 160–370
  Neutrophils 2,730/mm3 1,500–77,000
  Monocytes 780/mm3 100–900
  Eosinophils 90/mm3 20–500
  Basophils 20/mm3 <210
  Leucocytes 4,300/mm3 3.600–10.500
  Lymphocytes (abs) 670/mm3 1,100–4,000
  CD3+ 352/mm3 700–2,100
  CD4+ 154/mm3 300–1,400
  CD8+ 117/mm3 200–900
5 months after brain biopsy
  Leucocytes 6,700/mm3 3,600–10,500
  Lymphocytes (abs) 880/mm3 1,100–4,000
  CD3+ 519/mm3 700–2,100
  CD4+ 278/mm3 300–1,400
  CD8+ 140/mm3 200–900
8 months after brain biopsy
  Leucocytes 5,580/mm3 3,600–10,500
  Lymphocytes (abs) 960/mm3 1,100–4,000
  CD3+ 554/mm3 700–2,100
  CD4+ 276/mm3 300–1,400
  CD8+ 185/mm3 200–900
Representative results during course of disease
  Endocrinology
    TSH 4.48µlU/ml 0.27–4.2
    fT3 3.0pg/ml 2.0–4.4
    fT4 1.49ng/dl 0.9–1.7
    Parathormone 55.6pg/ml 16–65
    Calcitonin <2.00pg/ml <18.2
  Immunology
    Total IgE 946kIU/l 0–100
    Antinuclear abs 1:160, homogenous and
nucleolar		 <1:80
    pANCA Negative
    cANCA Negative
    Double-stranded DNA abs 6.70U/ml 0–20
    Antithyroglobulin <10.0IU/ml <115
    Antithyroperoxidase 15.5ng/ml <34
    TSH receptor abs <0.3IU/l
    Histone abs 6.00U/ml 0–40
  CSF analysis (representative)
    Cell count 2/µl <5
    Cytopathology Few lymphocytes without
atypical cells, no PAS-positive
intra-/extracellular material
    Total protein 381mg/l <500
    Glucose 67mg/dl 40–65
    Lactate 1.6mmol/l <2.1
Test CSF Serum Quotient, CSF/Serum × 103
Albumin 252mg/l 43g/l 5.9
IgG 17.7mg/l 11.4g/l 2.4
IgA 4.55mg /l 3.26g/l 1.4
IgM <0.14mg/l 0.575g/l <0.2
Test Findings
Oligoclonal bands Negative
Molecular genetic analysis of CSF No evidence of monoclonal B cells
Test Method Findings Normal Value
HSV DNA PCR Negative
JCV DNAa PCR Negative
Aspergillus antigen EIA 0.01 <0.5
Borrelia IgG EIA <0.05U/ml
Candida antigen EIA 0.01pg/ml <62.5
Cryptococcus antigen EIA Negative
Aerobic bacteria Culture Negative
Anaerobic bacteria Culture Negative
Actinomyces Culture Negative
Nocardia Culture Negative
Mycobacteria Microscopy, PCR, culture Negative
Echinococcus granulosus IHA Negative <1:20
E. multilocularis IHA Negative <1:20
Echinococcosis IB Negative
Paragonimus uterobilateralis IHA Negative <1:40
Toxocara spp. IB Negative
Cysticercosis IB Negative
Tropheryma whipplei PCR Negative
Test Findings
Microbiology (blood) Negative for HIV-1/2 antibody, p24 antigen, adenovirus, CMV, EBV, enterovirus,
rubeola, rubella, VZV, borrelia, Echinococcus antibody, toxoplasma, lues, Candida,
Cryptococcus, Ascaris lumbricoides, echinococci, Fasciola hepatica, Paragonimus
uterobilateralis, Strongyloides spp., Toxocara spp., cysticercosis, helminths
(cestoda/Taenia solium)
Stool Negative for eggs, enteropathogenic protozoa
Rectal/deep jejunal biopsy No evidence for amyloidosis or Whipple disease
a

JCV PCR 95% detection probability, laboratory 1: 420 copies/ml CSF Altona Diagnostics (Hamburg, Germany) Real Star JCV PCR Kit 1.0; laboratory 2: 117 copies/ml, custom made assay.57

abs = antibodies; cANCA = cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; CMV = cytomegalovirus; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; EBV = Epstein–Barr virus; EIA = enzyme immunoassay; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HSV = herpes simplex virus; IB = immunoblotting; Ig = immunoglobulin; IHA = immunohistochemical assay; JCV = JC virus; pANCA = perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; PAS = periodic acid Schiff; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; VZV = varicella-zoster virus.