Table 2.
Between-Group Differences from Baseline to Week 6: Treatment Versus Usual Care
| TCA vs UC | AA vs UC | Acupuncture vs UC | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Mean Diff | SD | P-value | d* | Mean Diff | SD | P-value | d | Mean Diff | SD | P-value | d |
| HIT | −3.53 | 4.67 | NS§ | 0.72 | −7.03 | 4.99 | 0.0079 | 1.28 | −5.20 | 5.20 | 0.0213 | 0.98 |
| NRS: Pain Now | −2.23 | 1.42 | 0.0036 | 1.54 | −1.80 | 1.42 | 0.0155 | 1.25 | −2.02 | 1.43 | 0.0021 | 1.42 |
| NRS: Pain Usual | −2.13 | 1.50 | 0.0166 | 1.43 | −1.40 | 1.45 | NS | 1.04 | −1.78 | 1.58 | 0.0153 | 1.25 |
| NRS: Pain Best | −2.08 | 1.38 | 0.0008 | 1.70 | −1.72 | 1.19 | 0.0127 | 1.60 | −1.91 | 1.39 | 0.0004 | 1.66 |
| NRS: Pain Worst | −0.34 | 1.34 | NS | 0.24 | −1.45 | 1.99 | NS | 0.69 | −0.87 | 1.75 | NS | 0.50 |
| PSQI | −0.09 | 5.06 | NS | 0.36 | 0.00 | 5.29 | NS | 0.26 | −0.05 | 4.67 | NS | 0.33 |
| PCL-C: Global Score | −6.02 | 10.74 | NS | 0.40 | −3.85 | 11.04 | NS | 0.22 | −4.99 | 11.90 | NS | 0.32 |
| SCL-90-R: Anxiety | −0.02 | 0.56 | NS | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.57 | NS | −0.50 | 0.10 | 0.61 | NS | −0.31 |
| SCL-90-R: Depression | −0.19 | 0.59 | NS | 0.01 | −0.31 | 0.44 | NS | 0.61 | −0.25 | 0.54 | NS | 0.33 |
| MOS SF-36 Health Survey: General Health | 0.38 | 5.67 | NS | −0.08 | 1.74 | 4.29 | NS | −0.45 | 1.03 | 4.95 | NS | −0.20 |
| BDI-II | −1.43 | 3.39 | NS | 0.42 | −0.44 | 10.27 | NS | 0.17 | −0.90 | 8.44 | NS | 0.21 |
| STAI: State | −3.52 | 6.40 | NS | 0.54 | −0.42 | 12.94 | NS | 0.09 | −1.87 | 11.02 | NS | 0.21 |
| STAI: Trait | −2.45 | 5.48 | NS | 0.41 | 0.46 | 11.72 | NS | −0.14 | −0.90 | 9.94 | NS | −0.01 |
P-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with exact P-value
*
Cohen's d for effect size. Standard deviations were calculated using the change score of each group.
TCA, traditional Chinese acupuncture; UC, usual care; AA, auricular acupuncture; diff, difference, SD, standard deviation; HIT, Headache Impact Test; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; PCL-C, Post Traumatic Stress Checklist—Civilian Version; SCL, Symptom Checklist; MOS-SF, Medical Outcome Study-Short Form; BDI, Beck Depression Index; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; NS, nonsignificant.