Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of men (n = 10,413) and women (n = 16,455) in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (1991–1996) by categories of diet quality index score.
| Variables | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (0–1) | Medium (2–4) | High (5–6) | p-Value | Low (0–1) | Medium (2–4) | High (5–6) | p-Value | |
| Number of Participants | 1536 | 7756 | 1121 | 2661 | 11,450 | 2344 | ||
| Age (years) | 59.1 (7.3) | 59.0 (7.0) | 59.6 (6.8) | 0.05 | 57.2 (8.2) | 57.2 (7.9) | 57.7 (7.4) | 0.02 |
| Height (cm) | 176.0 (6.6) | 176.5 (6.6) | 176.4 (6.7) | 0.03 | 163.4 (6.1) | 163.8 (6.0) | 163.6 (6.1) | 0.02 |
| Weight (kg) | 80.0 (12.0) | 81.7 (12.0) | 82.0 (11.8) | <0.001 | 66.6 (11.6) | 67.9 (11.5) | 68.5 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.8 (3.4) | 26.2 (3.4) | 26.3 (3.3) | <0.001 | 24.9 (4.1) | 25.3 (4.2) | 25.6 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.8 (9.9) | 93.6 (9.9) | 93.3 (9.7) | 0.03 | 77.0 (10.2) | 77.6 (10.3) | 77.7 (10.1) | 0.01 |
| Body fat (%) | 20.7 (5.0) | 20.7 (5.0) | 20.5 (4.7) | 0.63 | 30.4 (5.1) | 30.7 (4.9) | 30.9 (4.9) | 0.01 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.84 (0.81) | 5.83 (0.94) | 5.77 (0.98) | 0.61 | 5.53 (0.61) | 5.51 (0.72) | 5.48 (0.68) | 0.50 |
| Plasma insulin (pmol/L) | 56.9 (57.2) | 51.6 (59.7) | 47.8 (36.2) | 0.02 | 43.8 (26.7) | 42.4 (37.0) | 43.4 (41.8) | 0.21 |
| Energy intake (MJ) | 11.1 (2.9) | 11.1 (2.9) | 10.8 (2.6) | <0.001 | 8.7 (2.1) | 8.6 (2.1) | 8.3 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (E%) | 18.3 (3.7) | 16.5 (3.8) | 12.5 (2.4) | <0.001 | 18.1 (3.5) | 16.3 (3.6) | 13.0 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (E%) | 5.2 (1.7) | 6.3 (1.5) | 6.3 (1.3) | <0.001 | 5.0 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.5) | 6.2 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Sucrose (E%) | 11.3 (4.3) | 7.8 (3.4) | 7.0 (2.2) | <0.001 | 11.3 (3.9) | 8.5 (3.2) | 7.6 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/MJ) | 1.65 (0.36) | 2.00 (0.53) | 2.86 (0.54) | <0.001 | 1.80 (0.36) | 2.29 (0.59) | 3.02 (0.57) | <0.001 |
| Fish and shellfish (g/week) | 175 (157) | 361 (276) | 539 (329) | <0.001 | 173 (129) | 297 (209) | 451 (223) | <0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 241 (107) | 335 (173) | 548 (183) | <0.001 | 272 (106) | 388 (175) | 568 (168) | <0.001 |
| Level of energy reporting | 0.04 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Under-reporters | 169 (11.0) | 906 (11.7) | 151 (13.5) | 358 (13.5) | 1984 (17.3) | 517 (22.1) | ||
| Adequate reporters | 1302 (84.8) | 6564 (84.6) | 943 (84.1) | 2198 (82.6) | 9136 (79.8) | 1797 (76.7) | ||
| Over-reporters | 65 (4.2) | 289 (3.7) | 27 (2.4) | 105 (3.9) | 330 (2.9) | 30 (1.3) | ||
| Substantial diet change in the past | 229 (15.0) | 1456 (18.8) | 424 (37.8) | <0.001 | 437 (16.4) | 2524 (22.1) | 917 (39.2) | <0.001 |
| Season of diet collection | 0.11 | 0.13 | ||||||
| January–March | 390 (25.4) | 1756 (22.6) | 245 (21.9) | 638 (24.0) | 2506 (21.9) | 542 (23.1) | ||
| April–June | 441 (28.7) | 2386 (30.8) | 362 (32.3) | 737 (27.7) | 3370 (29.4) | 702 (29.9) | ||
| July–September | 206 (13.4) | 1109 (14.3) | 142 (12.7) | 397 (14.9) | 1745 (15.2) | 326 (13.9) | ||
| October–December | 499 (32.5) | 2505 (32.3) | 372 (33.2) | 889 (33.4) | 3829 (33.4) | 774 (33.0) | ||
| Educational level | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Elementary | 811 (53.1) | 3509 (45.3) | 443 (39.6) | 1167 (43.9) | 4403 (38.6) | 826 (35.3) | ||
| Primary and secondary | 284 (18.6) | 1513 (19.5) | 243 (21.7) | 775 (29.2) | 3491 (30.6) | 730 (31.2) | ||
| Upper secondary | 142 (9.3) | 955 (12.3) | 142 (12.7) | 193 (7.3) | 803 (7.0) | 156 (6.7) | ||
| Further education without a degree | 117 (7.7) | 721 (9.3) | 122 (10.9) | 206 (7.8) | 948 (8.3) | 240 (10.3) | ||
| University | 174 (11.4) | 1043 (13.5) | 169 (15.1) | 317 (11.9) | 1771 (15.5) | 289 (16.6) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Zero consumers | 101 (6.6) | 303 (3.9) | 50 (4.5) | 283 (10.6) | 781 (6.8) | 142 (6.1) | ||
| Quintile 1 | 387 (25.2) | 1364 (17.6) | 213 (19.0) | 615 (23.1) | 1998 (17.4) | 386 (16.5) | ||
| Quintile 2 | 294 (19.1) | 1442 (18.6) | 231 (20.6) | 511 (19.2) | 2059 (18.0) | 456 (19.5) | ||
| Quintile 3 | 262 (17.1) | 1507 (19.4) | 244 (21.8) | 438 (16.5) | 2163 (18.9) | 460 (19.6) | ||
| Quintile 4 | 271 (17.6) | 1529 (19.7) | 216 (19.3) | 399 (15.0) | 2212 (19.3) | 467 (19.9) | ||
| Quintile 5 | 221 (14.4) | 1611 (20.8) | 167 (14.9) | 415 (15.6) | 2237 (19.5) | 433 (18.5) | ||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Current | 596 (38.8) | 2245 (28.9) | 164 (14.6) | 998 (37.5) | 3219 (28.1) | 413 (17.6) | ||
| Former | 552 (38.8) | 3339 (28.9) | 554 (14.6) | 614 (23.1) | 3148 (27.5) | 793 (33.8) | ||
| Never | 387 (35.9) | 2168 (43.1) | 403 (49.4) | 1047 (39.3) | 5081 (44.4) | 1137 (48.5) | ||
| Leisure-time physical activity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 509 (33.5) | 1954 (25.4) | 170 (15.2) | 821 (31.0) | 2815 (24.8) | 404 (17.3) | ||
| Quartile 2 | 366 (24.1) | 1887 (24.5) | 242 (21.7) | 677 (25.6) | 2923 (25.7) | 578 (24.8) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 303 (19.9) | 1843 (23.9) | 310 (27.8) | 612 (23.1) | 2942 (25.9) | 660 (28.3) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 343 (22.6) | 2021 (26.2) | 395 (35.4) | 536 (20.3) | 2688 (23.6) | 693 (29.7) | ||
Data are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). Glucose concentrations were available for 2060 males and 3027 females; insulin concentrations were available for 1988 males and 2923 females. p-Value was for ln-transformed plasma insulin concentrations.