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. 2016 Jun 16;17(6):951. doi: 10.3390/ijms17060951

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The hypothetical process of gene rearrangement in the model of tandem duplication/random loss and duplication/anticodon mutation: (A) the ancestral gene order in insects; (B) the tandem duplication of CR/trnI/trnQ/trnM/ND2; (C) the random loss of the duplicated trnI, ND2, CR and trnQ; and (D) the anticodon mutation in trnM which changes trnM (CAT) to trnI2 (GAT). “x” indicates the random loss of the duplicated genes. Shaded areas indicate the genes or regions that are partially lost. Dotted arrows connect the original genes to the rearranged products. Random lost genes and their corresponding pseudo genes are indicated by blue dotted lines. CR is the abbreviation for control region and NCR is the abbreviation for non-coding region.