Figure 4.

Hypothesized mechanisms of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor action in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Rprinted from [35]. Copyright 2012 with permission from Elsevier. (A) during the recovery phase of nephrotoxicant-induced tubular injury, the mTOR pathway in proximal tubular cells is activated to promote cell proliferation; (B) everolimus treatment exerts antiproliferative effects by blocking cell survival pathways. The quantification of urinary LC3 protein could be beneficial in predicting outcomes of treatment with mTOR inhibitors [36].