Fig. 1.

Gene expression analysis of all patients. (A) Gene expression levels in bladder biopsies of bladder pain syndrome (BPS) patients versus controls. Each point represents the mean fold change (FC) for each gene transcript, displayed as the log₂ of the FC. Each point is ranked in order of FC, commencing with the genes with the lowest FC to those that are most upregulated (compared to controls). The green box denotes genes with FC ±2. FC ranking revealed that a considerable number of genes were upregulated in the data set. (B) Volcano plot visualising the genes separated according to their expression FC (x-axis) and significance (y-axis: log₁₀p value) in BPS and controls. Genes highlighted in red had log₂ FC >2 and log₁₀p values <0.01 in our data set.

FC = fold change.