TABLE 3.
HRs (95% CIs) of incident physical impairment, measured by the physical function scale of the SF-36, in women in the Nurses’ Health Study by top food contributors to AHEI-2010 food components1
| Servings |
|||||
| Never or <1/mo | 1–3/mo | 1/wk | ≥2 /wk | P-trend | |
| Fruits2 | |||||
| Bananas, 1 | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 0.9 |
| Fresh apples or pears, 1 | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.005 |
| Raisins or grapes, 1/2 cup (28 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.2 |
| Oranges, 1 | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) | <0.001 |
| Peaches or plums, 1 fresh or 1/2 cup (115 g) canned | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.06 |
| Vegetables2 | |||||
| Tomatoes, 2 slices | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.4 |
| Iceberg or head lettuce, 1 cup (75 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.97) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | 0.2 |
| Onions as a garnish or in salad, 1 slice | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.4 |
| Romaine or leaf lettuce, 1 cup (75 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | 0.002 |
| Raw carrots, 1/2 a carrot or 2–4 sticks | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.02 |
| Nuts/legumes2,3 | |||||
| Peanut butter, 1 tablespoon (16 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 0.01 |
| Beans or lentils, 1/2 cup (90 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.7 |
| Peanuts, 1 oz (28 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.8 |
| Other nuts, 1 oz (28 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.2 |
| Walnuts, 1 oz (28 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.02 |
| Red/processed meats2 | |||||
| Beef or lamb as a main dish, 4–6 oz (112–168 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.9 |
| Beef or lamb as a mixed dish | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 0.002 |
| Lean hamburger, 1 patty | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.008 |
| Pork as a main dish, 4–6 oz (112–168 g) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.1 |
| Bacon, 2 slices | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) | 0.01 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages2 | |||||
| Orange juice, small glass | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| Other fruit juices, small glass | 1.0 (Ref) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15) | <0.001 |
| Punch, lemonade, sports drinks, or sugared iced tea, 1 glass, bottle, or can (355 mL) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.004 |
| Carbonated beverage with caffeine and sugar, 1 glass, bottle, or can (355 mL) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.1 |
| Other carbonated beverages with sugar, 1 glass, bottle, or can (355 mL) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.007 |
AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; oz, ounce; Ref, reference; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Short Form-36.
Models adjusted for BMI (continuous), total caloric intake (quintiles), physical activity (<3.0, 3.0–8.9, 9.0–17.9, 18.0–26.9, or ≥27 METs/wk), SF-36 Mental Health Index (continuous), smoking (never, past, current 1–14 cigarettes/d, current 15–24 cigarettes/d, or current ≥25 cigarettes/d), hypertension (yes or no), high cholesterol (yes or no), myocardial infarction (yes or no), stroke (yes or no), type 2 diabetes (yes or no), and the AHEI-2010 score without the component of interest.
Follow-up started in 2000.