TABLE 3.

Associations of adolescent snack consumption with BMI z score¹

	β (SE)	P
Energy-dense and nutrient-poor snack foods,2 servings/d	0.059 (0.011)	<0.001
Snacks,2 n/d	−0.032 (0.008)	<0.001
Snacks prepared away from home, n/wk	−0.029 (0.007)	<0.001
Frequency of snacking while watching television3	−0.174 (0.019)	<0.001

¹Model estimates are from a linear regression of BMI z scores on specific snacking patterns adjusted for socioeconomic status, age, sex, ethnicity/race, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and dieting behavior. The model estimates presented here do not include meal skipping because adjustment for this covariate did not change the observed associations.

²Model estimates were also adjusted for continuous underreporting on the basis of the ratio of energy intake to estimated energy requirement.

³Response options were assigned scores of scores of 5 = always, 4 = usually, 3 = sometimes, 2 = rarely, and 1 = never. Model estimates were also adjusted for total weekly hours of television viewing.