Some possible influences of PND on lexical planning and articulation under production ease accounts. In all of (a)-(c), production ease affects articulation. The panels differ, however, in the extent to which production ease explains effects of PND on articulation. Panel (a) shows the prediction of radical production ease accounts: the effect of PND on articulation is fully mediated by its effect on planning (e.g. if PND reduces lexical planning time it also reduces pronunciation detail). Panels (b) and (c) show the predictions of two different types of moderate production ease accounts. In (b), production ease explains some of the effect of PND on articulation: there are both an independent and mediated effects of PND on articulation. In (c), production ease affects articulation, but the effect of PND is independent of that.