Table 1.
Characteristics of DBD subgroups and controls
| HC (n = 25) | DBD-d (n = 25) | DBD-p (n = 25) | Group difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender, no. (%) | 22 (88%) | 20 (80%) | 18 (72%) | Fisher’s exact P = 0.43 |
| Low SES neighborhood, no. (%) | 18 (72%) | 15 (60%) | 13 (54%) | Fisher’s exact P = 0.44 |
| Non-Western ethnicity, no. (%) | 10 (40%) | 4 (16%) | 9 (36%) | Fisher’s exact P = 0.37 |
| Age, mean (s.d.), y | 17.8 (1.2) | 17.6 (1.7) | 17.3 (1.4) | F2,68 0.7, P = 0.50 |
| DBD age of onset, mean (s.d.), y | - | 6.6 (3.5) | 6.5 (3.0) | T47 0.15, P = 0.87 |
| IQ, mean (s.d.) | 92.5 (12.1) | 91.2 (15.6) | 86.7 (13.2) | F2,65 1.1, P = 0.34 |
| RPQ Aggression, mean (s.d.) | 4.4 (2.6) | 12.2 (7.0) | 18.0 (8.8) | Welch2;36.5 36.8, P < 0.001a,b,c |
| CBCL Internalizing, mean (s.d.) | 47.8 (10.8) | 53.4 (12.0) | 60.9 (6.3) | Welch2;41.9 14.0, P < 0.001b,c |
| YSR Internalizing, mean (s.d.) | 41.8 (8.2) | 48.4 (10.1) | 53.2 (10.5) | F2,71 8.7, P < 0.001a,b |
| CBCL Externalizing, mean (s.d.) | 44.1 (6.6) | 57.0 (8.9) | 66.6 (6.1) | Welch2;43.6 72.2, P < 0.001a,b,c |
| YSR Externalizing, mean (s.d.) | 43.4 (5.5) | 55.3 (8.5) | 60.1 (11.4) | Welch2;43.0 30.9, P < 0.001a,b |
| CD (%) | 0 | 0 | 13 (52%) | Fisher’s exact P < 0.001b,c |
| ADHD (%) | 5 (20%) | 12 (48%) | 16 (64%) | Fisher’s exact P = 0.006b |
| PTSD (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (9%) | Fisher’s exact P = 0.10 |
| YPI Callous-Unemotional, mean (s.d.) | 20.2 (4.0) | 24.2 (7.5) | 26.9 (9.0) | Welch2;41.4 7.5, P = 0.002a,b |
| YPI GM, mean (s.d.) | 23.2 (3.4) | 32.2 (10.1) | 33.3 (10.9) | Welch2;37.0 17.1, P < 0.001a,b |
| YPI II, mean (s.d.) | 24.5 (5.2) | 33.0 (9.6) | 36.9 (7.8) | Welch2;44.2 26.0, P < 0.001a,b |
| YPI total Psychopathic traits, mean (s.d.) | 67.9 (8.4) | 89.3 (23.8) | 97.2 (23.8) | Welch2;37.7 23.7, P < 0.001a,b |
| Aversive stimulus level, mean (s.d.), mA | 36.4 (12.7) | 33.6 (13.6) | 39.3 (10.5) | F2,72 1.3, P = 0.27 |
| Mean translation, mean (s.d.), mm | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.07) | Welch2;39.1 7.3, P = 0.002b |
| Mean rotation, mean (s.d.), ° | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.09) | Welch2;38.2 7.5, P = 0.002a,b |
SES, Socio-economic status; RPQ, Reactive Proactive aggression Questionnaire; CD, Conduct Disorder; ADHD, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; PTSD, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; YSR, Youth Self Report; YPI, Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory; HC, healthy control; DBD-d, desistent DBD subgroup; DBD-p, persistent DBD subgroup
aSignificant difference between HC and desisters
bHC vs persisters
cdesisters vs persisters