. 2015 May 28;16:1011–1021. doi: 10.1007/s10113-015-0815-0

Table 1.

Provincial averages of values for ecosystem services, values are presented in terms of physical quantities and monetary values

Ecosystem services	Provincial average
Ecosystem services	Physical quantity	Monetary value
Newly planted oil palm (0–4 years)	3.6 ton/ha/year^c	Resource rent of € −646/ha/year (on mineral soil) and € −924/ha/year (on peat soil) reflecting costs for establishing the plantations^c
FFB production of young oil palm (0–9 years)	15.2 ton/ha/year^c	Resource rent of € 761/ha/year (on mineral soil) and € 509/ha/year (on peat soil)^c
FFB production of mature oil palm (0–20 years)	24 ton/ha/year^c	Resource rent of € 1770/ha/year (on mineral soil) and € 1571/ha/year (on peat soil)^c
Timber production	0.86 m³/ha/year^a	Resource rent of € 35/m^3b
Rattan production	0.79 ton/ha/year^a,e	Resource rent of €104/ton^b
Paddy rice production	2.2 ton/ha/year^a	Resource rent of € 130/ton^b
Carbon sequestration	Detailed information in Appendix 1	a Social cost of C of € 88/ton C^b
Orangutan habitat	Habitat suitability map of orangutan^a	Not assessed^d

^aSumarga and Hein (2014); ^b Sumarga et al. (2015); ^c Sumarga et al. (2015) with an assumed increase in productivity of 20 %, the negative resource rent reflect the costs of establishing the oil palm plantations including costs for land preparation, planting and plantation maintenance; ^d not assessed due to methodological difficulties, see explanation in the text; ^e rattans, dominated by Calamus manan and Calamus caesius, are planted in secondary forest with a typical maximum distance of 25 km from settlements and 4 km from rivers