Table 1.

Tissue engineering approaches for rAAV gene transfer in articular cartilage.

Materials	Genes	Strategy	Outcomes	Efficacy	Systems	Refs
FG	GFP, TGF-β1	encapsulation in FG gel	controlled rAAV-2 delivery for cartilage repair	high efficiency at low FG concentration, decline after 8 days	hMSCs	50
RAD16-I	lacZ, RFP	encapsulation in RAD16-I pure or combined with HA	controlled rAAV-2 delivery for cartilage repair	80% transduction efficiency with spheres at 0.4%, time-course decline of expression	hMSCs	51
poloxamer F68,poloxamine 908	lacZ, sox9	encapsulation in micelles	controlled rAAV-2 delivery for cartilage repair	enhanced expression, restoration in conditions of gene transfer inhibition	hMSCs	52
alginate poloxamer	lacZ, RFP	encapsulation in alginate/poloxamer composite systems	controlled rAAV-2 delivery for cartilage repair	AlgPH155+PF127 [C]) leaded to a most controlled release profile, higher transduction efficiency with AlgPH155+PF127 [H]	hMSCs	53
BMA	lacZ, TGF-β	mixing with rAAV-2	direct gene transfer of BMA for cartilage repair	enhanced chondrogenesis and reduced hypertrophy with TGF-β	hBMA	58,61
	lacZ, TGF-β, sox9, IGF-I	mixing with rAAV-2	direct gene transfer of BMA for cartilage repair	enhanced chondrogenesis and reduced hypertrophy with sox9	minipig BMA	60
	lacZ, IGF-I	mixing with rAAV-2	direct gene transfer of BMA for cartilage repair	enhanced chondrogenesis, hypertrophy, and osteogenesis with IGF-I	hBMA	59
FG	IGF-I, GFP	rAAV-5-transduced chondrocytes embedded in FG gel	cartilage healing in full-thickness chondral defects	enhanced chondrocyte predominance and type-II collagen expression	chondrocyte implantation in chondral defect (horse)	63
FG/PGA matrix	IGF-I, BMP-2	rAAV-2-transduced periosteal cells seeded in FG/PGA matrix	cartilage healing in full-thickness chondral defects	enhanced chondrocyte-like morphology with BMP-2	periosteal cell implantation in chondral defect (minipig)	65
				dedifferentiation of cells from superficial zones in contrast to those from deeper zones (chondrocytes morphology)	periosteal cell implantation in chondral defect (minipig)	64

Abbreviations: GFP, green fluorescent protein; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β 1; lacZ, E. coli β-galactosidase; sox9, sex determining region Y-box 9; RFP, red fluorescent protein; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; FG, fibrin glue; RAD16-I, (RADA)₄ peptide; HA, hyaluronic acid; AlgPH155+PF127 [C], alginate/poloxamer complex systems crosslinked at room temperature; AlgPH155+PF127 [H], alginate/poloxamer complex systems crosslinked at high temperature (50°C); hBMA, human bone marrow aspirates; PGA, poly(glycolic acid).