Table 1.
Subjects’ characteristics at baseline
| Total (N=297) |
Patients with Benzodiazepine (N=61) |
Patients without Benzodiazepine (N=236) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Site of recruitment* | |||
| Ann Arbor | 44.1 | 27.9 | 48.3 |
| Battle Creek | 29.3 | 44.3 | 25.4 |
| Detroit | 26.6 | 27.9 | 26.3 |
| Health care provider* | |||
| Primary care physician | 45.4 | 31.1 | 49.2 |
| Psychiatrist | 54.6 | 68.9 | 50.8 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.5 |
| Male | 97.3 | 96.7 | 97.5 |
| Race | |||
| Black | 17.5 | 8.2 | 19.9 |
| White | 79.1 | 88.5 | 76.7 |
| Others | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| Age (mean=64.9, range 60–86)* | |||
| 60–64 | 69.7 | 67.2 | 70.3 |
| 65–74 | 18.9 | 27.9 | 16.5 |
| 75–86 | 11.4 | 4.9 | 13.1 |
| Education | |||
| High school or below | 41.1 | 41.0 | 41.1 |
| Some college or above | 58.9 | 59.0 | 58.9 |
| Marital status | |||
| With partner/spouse | 57.6 | 47.5 | 60.2 |
| Without partner/spouse | 42.4 | 52.5 | 39.8 |
| With prior depression treatment | 62.6 | 75.4 | 59.3 |
| Delirium | 4.0 | 1.6 | 4.7 |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders* | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.0 |
| Bipolar I disorder | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.4 |
| Bipolar II disorder | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Any substance abuse | 17.5 | 11.5 | 19.1 |
| Alcohol abuse | 13.8 | 8.2 | 15.3 |
| Drug abuse | 8.1 | 6.6 | 8.5 |
| Post traumatic stress disorder diagnosis | 36.4 | 44.3 | 34.3 |
| Other anxiety disorder* | 19.5 | 44.3 | 13.1 |
| Personality disorder* | 1.0 | 4.9 | 0.0 |
| Charlson’s comorbidity index ₸ | |||
| 0 | 37.4 | 41.0 | 36.4 |
| 1 | 27.6 | 21.3 | 29.2 |
| >1 | 35.0 | 37.7 | 34.3 |
| Adherence to AD in 4 months | 71.7 | 72.1 | 71.6 |
| PHQ reduced in 4 months | 53.9 | 59.1 | 52.5 |
| PHQ reduced at least 50% in 4 months | 17.8 | 18.0 | 17.8 |
| Means | |||
| Physical component summary of SF12 (PCS) | 36.7 | 37.3 | 36.6 |
| Mental component summary of SF12 (MCS)* | 37.8 | 35.1 | 38.5 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)* | 12.5 | 14.2 | 12.1 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in 4 months | 11.6 | 12.9 | 11.3 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) | 7.6 | 8.3 | 7.4 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) in 4 months | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.4 |
| Hospital anxiety depression scale, anxiety subscale (HADS-A)* | 8.7 | 9.9 | 8.4 |
| Anxiety sensitivity index (ASI) | 53.4 | 53.9 | 53.2 |
| Instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL Total) | 7.5 | 7.1 | 7.6 |
| Weschler LNS* | 7.9 | 6.9 | 8.1 |
All characteristics are baseline characteristics unless otherwise noted. None of the patients had dementia, Huntington’s disease, other psychoses, or HIV without AIDS.
Charlson’s comorbidity index is a composite score based on the presence of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, rheumatologic disease, peptic ulcer disease, cirrhosis, hepatic failure, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus with complications, hemiplegia, chronic renal disease, malignant neoplasm, leukemia, lymphomas, metastatic solid tumor, HIV without AIDS, and AIDS.
p<0.05 for statistical significance between patients with and without benzodiazepine.