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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Hypertens. 2016 Aug;34(8):1513–1519. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000973

Table 4.

Multivitamin supplement use and hypertension events by subgroups of individuals.

No. of events Multivariate HRa
(95% CI)
No use Multivitamin
use		 Multivitamin use
versus no use		 P for
interaction
Age
  <55 years 6234 3748 1.03 (0.98, 1.07)
  55–<65 years 2986 1881 1.06 (1.00, 1.12)
  ≥65 years 864 603 1.03 (0.92, 1.14) 0.67
Body mass index
  <25 kg/m2 4937 3269 1.03 (0.99, 1.08)
  ≥25 kg/m2 5147 2963 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) 0.78
Smoking
  Current smokers 1444 723 0.96 (0.88, 1.06)
  Past smokers 3663 2312 1.05 (1.00, 1.11)
  Never smokers 4977 3197 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) 0.26
Fruit and vegetables
  <4 servings/day 2937 1662 1.03 (0.97, 1.10)
  4–<7 servings/day 4206 2551 1.02 (0.97, 1.07)
  ≥7 servings per day 2941 2019 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) 0.74
Baseline systolic/diastolic BP
  <120/80 mm Hg 7594 4777 1.03 (1.00, 1.07)
  ≥120/80 mm Hg 2490 1455 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) 0.06
High cholesterol
  No 7419 4487 1.03 (1.00, 1.07)
  Yes 2665 1745 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) 0.80
Diabetes
  No 9904 6141 1.03 (1.00, 1.07)
  Yes 180 91 0.95 (0.73, 1.25) 0.79
High CVD risk profileb
  No 6621 4205 1.03 (0.99, 1.07)
  Yes 3463 2027 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) 0.37

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. All statistical tests were conducted by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Interaction test were done using the Wald’s statistics.

a

Multivariable models were adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, postmenopausal status, randomized treatment assignment, diabetes history, hypercholesterolemia history, alcohol consumption, intakes of fruits and vegetables, and whole grains.

b

A high CVD risk profile is defined as having at least two of the following factors: currently smoking, body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, baseline BP ≥120/80 mm Hg, high cholesterol, or diabetes.