Table 1.

Components of authoritarian orientation (adapted from Chien, 2013).

	Stage	Components	Possible Actions
1.	Pre-authoritarian	−	−
2.	Alienation	Authority-dread	Keeping a distance with fear
			Interacting with caution
			Submitting with self-suppression
		Authority-dependence	Conforming and coordinating
			Pleasing and ingratiating
3.	Obligation	Authority-reverence	Respecting heartfully
		Authority-obedience	Obeying sincerely
4.	Habitus	Authority-sensitization	Authoritarian-oriented Habitus (responding automatically and habitually)