Table 2.
Pre- and intraoperative sentinel node identification findings and pathology results
| Direct camera comparison | Evaluation of m-PDE | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| c-PDE | m-PDE | ||
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Patients | 7 | 20 | |
| Average age, years (range) | 64.6 (58–74) | 54.4 (34–81) | |
| Male/female ratio | 5/2 | 14/6 | |
| Tumor type + tumor stage | |||
| SCC, oral cavity | 4 | 2 | |
| T1 | 4 | 2 | |
| Melanoma (head and neck, trunk, or extremity) | 3 (1, 1, 1) | 13 (10, 1, 2) | |
| Average Breslow thickness, mm (range) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 2.1 (0.6–4.0) | |
| Ulceration, yes/no | 0/3 | 3/10 | |
| SCC, penis | – | 5 | |
| T1 | – | 2 | |
| T2 | – | 3 | |
| Preoperative SN mapping | |||
| Average injected dose, MBq (range) | 69.6 (62.1–77.1) | 80.6 (67.3–156) | |
| Preoperative number of SNs identified using SPECT/CT (average, range) | 21 (3, 2–5) | 51 (2.6, 1–6) | |
| No. of basins (% total), no. of SNs (% total) | 16 (100), 21 (100) | 40 (100), 51 (100) | |
| Head | 1 (6.3), 1 (4.8) | 5 (12.5), 6 (11.8) | |
| Auricular | – | – | |
| Parotid gland | – | 2 (5.0), 3 (5.9) | |
| Neck (level I–V) | 11 (68.8), 15 (71.4) | 19 (47.5), 23 (45.1) | |
| Axilla | 2 (12.5), 2 (9.5) | 2 (5.0), 2 (3.9) | |
| Supraclavicular | – | 1 (2.5), 1 (2.0) | |
| Scapular | 1 (6.3), 1 (4.8) | – | |
| Groin | 1 (6.3), 2 (9.5) | 11 (27.5), 16 (31.4) | |
| Average time injection – operation, hrs (range) | 5.5 (4.3–6.5) | 6.4 (3.5–19.5) | |
| Intraoperative SN Identification | |||
| No. of intraoperatively excised SNs (average, range) | 27 (3.9, 2–7) | 73 (3.7, 1–7) | |
| Radioactive | 27 | 73 | |
| Fluorescent | 27 | 73 | |
| Blue | 1a | 12b | |
| Specification no. of intraoperative fluorescent SNs (% total) [no. of patients] | |||
| Visibility through skin | 6 (22.2) [2] | 11 (40.7) [4] | 26 (35.6) [11] |
| Per basin: | |||
| Head | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Auricular | – | – | 1 |
| Parotid gland | – | – | 2 |
| Neck (level I–V) | 5 | 5 | 17 |
| Axilla | – | 2 | 2 |
| Supraclavicular | – | – | – |
| Scapular | – | 1 | – |
| Groin | – | 2 | 3 |
| Visibility in vivo (prior to excision) | 22 (81.4) [6] | 27 (100) [7] | 75 (100) [20] |
| Per basin: | |||
| Head | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Auricular | – | – | 1 |
| Parotid gland | – | – | 8 |
| Neck (level I–V) | 19 | 21 | 35 |
| Axilla | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Supraclavicular | – | – | 4 |
| Scapular | 1 | 1 | – |
| Groin | 0 | 2 | 18 |
| Visibility lymphatic duct | – | 2 (7.4) [2] | 33 (45.2) [13] |
| Per basin: | |||
| Head | – | – | 2 |
| Auricular | – | – | 1 |
| Parotid gland | – | – | 4 |
| Neck (level I–V) | – | 2 | 15 |
| Axilla | – | – | 2 |
| Supraclavicular | – | – | 4 |
| Scapular | – | – | – |
| Groin | – | – | – |
| Pathology | |||
| No. of tumor-positive SNs (% total) | 0/34 | 4/91 (4.4) | |
| No. of tumor-positive patients (% total) | 0/7 | 4/20 (20.0) | |
PDE Photo Dynamic Eye, SCC squamous cell carcinoma, MBq mega becquerel, SN sentinel node, SPECT/CT single photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography
aIn two patients blue dye was used. Here 2 SNs were excised of which 1 was blue at the time of excision
bIn two patients blue dye was used. Here 2 SNs were excised of which were both blue at the time of excision