Table 1.
Antibiotic resistance genes detected in the culturable and unculturable bacteria associated with the sponge P. citrina.
| Resistance genes | qnrA | qnrB | ermB | tetL | mecA | mupA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA template | ||||||
| Sponge | – | + | – | + | + | + |
| Bacillus Pc31 | + | + | + | – | – | – |
| Bacillus Pc32 (SXTR*) | + | + | + | – | – | – |
| Bacillus Pc3M (CIPR, GENR, SXTR) | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Enterococcus Pc5b (GENR) | – | + | – | – | – | – |
| Halomonas Pc51M (ATMR, CAZR, CFER) | – | – | + | – | – | – |
| Shigella Pc5a (SXTR, TETR) | – | – | + | + | – | – |
| Positive controls** (amplicon size – bp) |
516 | 469 | 425 | 1077 | 154 | 237 |
*
Antibiotic resistance to: aztreonam (ATMR), ceftazidime (CAZR), cephalexin (CFER), ciprofloxacin (CIPR), gentamicin (GENR), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXTR), tetracycline (TETR) (Santos-Gandelman et al.6).
**
Positive control strains (DNA template): qnrA, Escherichia coli LO; qnrB, Escherichia coli EB2; ermB, Streptococcus agalactiae; tetL, Streptococcus agalactiae CL 5596; mecA and mupA, Staphylococcus haemolyticus MD2. Amplicon detection: +, positive; –, negative.