Table 1.
Urinary biomarkers in the assessment of early diabetic nephropathy.
| Glomerular biomarkers | Tubular biomarkers | |
|---|---|---|
| Transferrin |
Microalbuminuria
The main marker in current use |
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) |
| Immunoglobulin G | Alpha-1-microglobulin | |
| Ceruloplasmin | Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) | |
| Type IV collagen | N-acetyl-β-D glucosaminidase | |
| Laminin | Angiotensinogen | |
| Glycosaminoglycans | Cystatin C | |
| Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase | Liver-type fatty acid binding protein | |
| Fibronectin | Nephrine | |
| Podocytes-podocalyxin | Heart fatty binding protein | |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF | Advanced glycation end products | |
|
| ||
| Inflammatory biomarkers | Other new markers under study | Oxidative stress biomarkers |
|
| ||
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha | Retinol binding protein-4 | 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine |
| Orosomucoid | Vitamin D binding protein | |
| Heme oxygenase-1 | ||
| Periostin | ||
| Alpha klotho | ||
| Microvesicle-bound dipeptidyl peptidase IV | ||
| MicroRNA | ||
| Adipokinesine alpha-2 glycoprotein | ||