Table 1.
Overview of included studies, their characteristics, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
| Study | Sample source | Sample gender | Trauma type | Diagnostic tool | Sample size | Patients | Controls | Ethn. | Val/Val | Val/Met | Met/Met | HWE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al., 2006 [16] | Hospital | Mixed | N/A | SCID DSM III-R, SADS-L (PTSD section) | 346 | 96 | 250 | Cauc. | PTSD: 69 Controls: 166 |
PTSD: 26 Controls: 74 |
PTSD: 1 Controls: 10 |
PTSD: p = 0.39 Controls: p = 0.63 |
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| Valente et al., 2011 [28] | Hospital | N/A | Urban viol. | CIDI, SCID, CAPS, BAI, BDI, ETI | 832 | 65 | 767 | Braz. | PTSD: 48 PTSD−: 29 Controls: 555 |
PTSD: 15 PTSD−: 5 Controls: 164 |
PTSD: 2 PTSD−: 0 Controls: 14 |
PTSD: p = 0.54 PTSD−: p = 0.64 Controls: p = 0.64 |
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| Lee et al., 2006 [30] | Health centres; random controls | Mixed | N/A | SCID DSM IV, Korean version | 268 | 107 | 161 | Korean | PTSD: 28 Controls: 48 |
PTSD: 57 Controls: 82 |
PTSD: 22 Controls: 31 |
PTSD: p = 0.48 Controls: p = 0.70 |
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| Pivac et al., 2012 [22] (add. inf.) | Hospital | Male | Combat | SCID DSM IV, PANSS, CAPS | 638 | 373 | 265 | Cauc. | PTSD: 235 PTSD−: 173 |
PTSD: 126 PTSD−: 86 |
PTSD: 12 PTSD−: 6 |
PTSD: p = 0.32 PTSD−: p = 0.21 |
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| Zhang et al., 2014 [27] | US Army Special Ops. | N/A | Combat | PCL for DSM IV, Life Events Checklist | 461 | 42 | 419 | Mixed | PTSD: 20 PTSD−: 294 |
PTSD: 16 PTSD−: 104 |
PTSD: 6 PTSD−: 21 |
PTSD: p = 0.35 PTSD−: p = 0.005 |
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| Lyoo et al., 2011 [31] | Daegu registry, local comm. | Mixed | Subway disaster | CAPS, Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM IV | 66 | 30 | 36 | South Korean | PTSD: 10 Controls: 14 |
PTSD: 15 Controls: 18 |
PTSD: 5 Controls: 4 |
PTSD: p = 0.88 Controls: p = 0.62 |
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| Our study | Hospital; RSL | Male | Combat | CAPS, Semi-structured Clinical Interviews for DSM V | 257 | 151 | 106 | Cauc. | PTSD: 99 PTSD−: 71 |
PTSD: 46 PTSD−: 28 |
PTSD: 6 PTSD−: 7 |
PTSD: p = 0.82 PTSD−: p = 0.10 |
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| Li et al., 2016 [23] | High school | N/A | Natural disaster | PCL-C (DSM IV) | 531 | 161 | 370 | Han Chin. | PTSD: 39 PTSD−: 109 |
PTSD: 80 PTSD−: 190 |
PTSD: 42 PTSD−: 71 |
PTSD: p = 0.94 PTSD−: p = 0.46 |
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| Dretsch et al., 2016 [29] | US Army | N/A | Combat | PCL-M | 226 | 41 | 185 | Mixed | PTSD: 28 PTSD−: 129 |
PTSD: 8 PTSD−: 49 |
PTSD: 5 PTSD−: 7 |
PTSD: p = 0.009 PTSD−: p = 0.41 |
Note. Ethn., ethnicity; HWE, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; N/A, not available; Cauc., Caucasian; Braz., Brazilian; Chin., Chinese; viol., violence; PTSD−, trauma exposed but no PTSD diagnosis; controls, no trauma exposure; add. inf., includes additional information; comm., community; RSL, Returned Services League; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders; SADS-L, schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia-lifetime version; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CAPS, Clinician-administered PTSD scale; BAI, Beck Anxiety Interview; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; ETI, Early Trauma Inventory; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PCL, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist.