Table 3. Published causes of AIN.

Classes	Specific Agents
Drug-induced: antibiotics	Incidence > 50 cases reported Methicillin, rifampin, ciprofloxacin Incidence < 30 cases reported Acyclovir, amoxicillin, ampicillin, atazanivir, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoperazone, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, cephalexin, cephradine, cephaloridine, cephapirin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, dimethoxyphenylpenicilloyl, doxycycline, erythromycin, ethambutol, flurithromycin, indinavir, levofloxacin, lincomycin, linezolid, mezlocillin, minocycline, moxifloxacin, nafcillin, netilimicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, piparcillin/tazobactam, polymyxin,trimethoprin-sulfamethaxozaole, tetracycline, telithromycin, vancomycin
Drug-induced: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Incidence > 30 cases reported Non-selective COX inhibitors: fenoprofen > ibuprofen > naproxen; COX-2 inhibitors: celecoxib > rofecoxib Other agents: aceclofenac, indomethacin, diclofenac, diflusinal, flurbiprofen, mefenamate, phenazone, phenylbutazone, noramidopyrine, nimesulide, prioxicam, sulindac, tolmentin, zomepirac
Drug-induced: proton-pump inhibitors & H2-Antagonists	Incidence > 50 cases reported Omeprazole Other PPIs: lansoprazole > pantoprazole > esmoprazole > rabeprazole; H2 Antagonists: cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine
Drug-induced: anti-neoplastic agents	Incidence >20 cases reported Ifosfamide Other agents: adriamycin, BCG, bevacizumab, carboplatin, cediranib, gemcitabine, ipilimumab, interferon, lenolidomide, pemetrexed, sorafenib, sunitinib
Drug-induced: diuretics	Incidence < 10 cases reported Acetazolamide, chlorthalidone, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, tienilic acid, triamterene
Other drugs	Incidence >10 cases reported Allopurinol, 5-Aminosalicylic acid Others: acetaminophen, anisoindione, aminopyrine, amidopyrine, amphetamine, aristolochic acid, armodafinil, aspirin, azathioprine, captopril, carbamezapine, clofibrate, clozipine, certirizine, cinitapride, clomipramine, cocaine, creatine monohydrate, deferasirox, diltiazem, diphenadione, ergotamine, etanercept, exenatide, fluindione, foscarnet, hydroxyethyl starch, interleukin, isotretinoin, immunoglobulin, griseofulvin, kudzu root juice, levetiracetam, liraglutide, methyldopa, paraphenylene diamine, phenazopyridine, phendimetrazine, phenobarbitol, phenteramine, phenytoin, piperazine, propylthiouracil, quinine, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, sirolimus, sulfinpyrazone, valproate,varenicline, warfarin
Infections	Adenovirus, ascaris, babesiosis, candidia, coxiella, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, diptheria, epstein-barr virus, hantavirus, hepatitis a, hiv, histoplasmosis, hydatid, influenza a, leptospirosis, legionella, microsporidia, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, polyoma virus, pyelonephritis (multiple organisms), rickettsiae, salmonella, streptococcus, toxoplasma, yersinia
Metabolic	Calcium, heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead), oxalate, urate
Autoimmune	Incidence > 50 cases reported Systemic lupus erythematosus Incidence < 20 cases reported ANCA vasculitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, glomerular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, mixed cryoglobulinemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, sarcoidoisis, Sjögren’s syndrome
Malignancies	Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Other	Anti-TBM, idiopathic, IgG4 disease, insect bites, rejection of transplanted organ, snake bite, TINU syndrome

The list was compiled from PubMed search using the terms “‘Acute Interstitial Nephritis” and “Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis”. The search includes all listed publications (4840) prior to March 31, 2014.