Table 3. Published causes of AIN.
Classes | Specific Agents |
---|---|
Drug-induced: antibiotics |
Incidence > 50 cases reported
Methicillin, rifampin, ciprofloxacin Incidence < 30 cases reported Acyclovir, amoxicillin, ampicillin, atazanivir, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoperazone, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, cephalexin, cephradine, cephaloridine, cephapirin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, dimethoxyphenylpenicilloyl, doxycycline, erythromycin, ethambutol, flurithromycin, indinavir, levofloxacin, lincomycin, linezolid, mezlocillin, minocycline, moxifloxacin, nafcillin, netilimicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, piparcillin/tazobactam, polymyxin,trimethoprin-sulfamethaxozaole, tetracycline, telithromycin, vancomycin |
Drug-induced: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
Incidence > 30 cases reported
Non-selective COX inhibitors: fenoprofen > ibuprofen > naproxen; COX-2 inhibitors: celecoxib > rofecoxib Other agents: aceclofenac, indomethacin, diclofenac, diflusinal, flurbiprofen, mefenamate, phenazone, phenylbutazone, noramidopyrine, nimesulide, prioxicam, sulindac, tolmentin, zomepirac |
Drug-induced: proton-pump inhibitors & H2-Antagonists |
Incidence > 50 cases reported
Omeprazole Other PPIs: lansoprazole > pantoprazole > esmoprazole > rabeprazole; H2 Antagonists: cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine |
Drug-induced: anti-neoplastic agents |
Incidence >20 cases reported
Ifosfamide Other agents: adriamycin, BCG, bevacizumab, carboplatin, cediranib, gemcitabine, ipilimumab, interferon, lenolidomide, pemetrexed, sorafenib, sunitinib |
Drug-induced: diuretics |
Incidence < 10 cases reported
Acetazolamide, chlorthalidone, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, tienilic acid, triamterene |
Other drugs |
Incidence >10 cases reported
Allopurinol, 5-Aminosalicylic acid Others: acetaminophen, anisoindione, aminopyrine, amidopyrine, amphetamine, aristolochic acid, armodafinil, aspirin, azathioprine, captopril, carbamezapine, clofibrate, clozipine, certirizine, cinitapride, clomipramine, cocaine, creatine monohydrate, deferasirox, diltiazem, diphenadione, ergotamine, etanercept, exenatide, fluindione, foscarnet, hydroxyethyl starch, interleukin, isotretinoin, immunoglobulin, griseofulvin, kudzu root juice, levetiracetam, liraglutide, methyldopa, paraphenylene diamine, phenazopyridine, phendimetrazine, phenobarbitol, phenteramine, phenytoin, piperazine, propylthiouracil, quinine, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, sirolimus, sulfinpyrazone, valproate,varenicline, warfarin |
Infections | Adenovirus, ascaris, babesiosis, candidia, coxiella, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, diptheria, epstein-barr virus, hantavirus, hepatitis a, hiv, histoplasmosis, hydatid, influenza a, leptospirosis, legionella, microsporidia, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, polyoma virus, pyelonephritis (multiple organisms), rickettsiae, salmonella, streptococcus, toxoplasma, yersinia |
Metabolic | Calcium, heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead), oxalate, urate |
Autoimmune |
Incidence > 50 cases reported
Systemic lupus erythematosus Incidence < 20 cases reported ANCA vasculitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, glomerular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, mixed cryoglobulinemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, sarcoidoisis, Sjögren’s syndrome |
Malignancies | Leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma |
Other | Anti-TBM, idiopathic, IgG4 disease, insect bites, rejection of transplanted organ, snake bite, TINU syndrome |
The list was compiled from PubMed search using the terms “‘Acute Interstitial Nephritis” and “Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis”. The search includes all listed publications (4840) prior to March 31, 2014.