Table 4. Elemental composition and heating value of raw bio-oil and HDO bio-oil.

Sample	Elemental compositions (wt%)				H/C	O/C	HHVb (MJ/kg)
	C	H	Oa	N
raw bio-oil	41.5	8.1	49.3	1.1	2.3	0.9	18.9
HDO oil	60.1	8.6	28.2	1.5	1.7	0.4	24.4

^aCalculated by difference.

^bCalculated on the basis of elemental composition, HHV(MJ/kg) = −1.3675 + 0.3137 C + 0.7009 H + 0.0318 O³⁸.