Table 3.

Marine pharmacology in 2001 – 2002: marine compounds with miscellaneous mechanisms of action

Compound/organisma	Chemistry	Pharmacological activity	MMOAb	Countryc	References
Aeroplysinin-1 (76)/sponge	Amino acid derivedd	Antiangiogenic	Undetermined	SPA	Rodriguez-Nieto et al., 2002
Antillatoxin (77)/bacterium	Lipopeptided	Voltage-dependent Na+ channel activation	Sodium channel α subunit binding	JAPN, USA	Li et al., 2001
Aplysiallene (78)/sea hare	Polyketidee	Na+, K+ – ATPase inhibition	Undetermined	JAPN	Okamoto et al., 2001a
Azaspiracid-1 (79)/alga	Polyketidee	Toxicity to lymphocytes and neuroblastoma cells	Decrease in F-actin pools and increased [Ca2+]i	SPA, JAPN	Roman et al., 2002
Bistratene A (80)/ascidian	Polyketidee	Induction of cell-cycle arrest in Go/G1 and G2/M	Protein kinase C δ activation	AUS, USA	Frey et al., 2001
Bryoanthrathiophene (81)/bryozoa	Polyketidee	Angiogenesis inhibition	Undetermined	JAPN	Jeong et al., 2002
Bryostatin-1 (82)/bryozoa	Polyketidee	IgE synthesis inhibition	Iε germline transcription modulation	USA	Rabah et al., 2001
Coscinosulfate (83)/sponge	Sesquiterpenef	Cell cycle regulation	Dual specificity phosphatase CDC25 inhibition	FRA	Loukaci et al., 2001
Debromohymenialdisine (84)/sponge	Alkaloidd	G2 checkpoint inhibition	Protein kinase Chk1 and Chk2 inhibition	CAN, UK, USA	Curman et al., 2001
Chlorogentisylquinone (85)/fungus	Polyketidee	Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition	Undetermined	JAPN	Uchida et al., 2001
Discodermin A (86)/sponge	Peptided	Permeabilization of plasma membrane	Undetermined	JAPN	Sato et al., 2001
Farnesylhydroquinone (87)/fungus	Terpenef	Radical scavenging	Undetermined	S. KOR	Son et al., 2002
Halenaquinol (88)/sponge	Polyketide	Na+, K+ – ATPase inhibition	Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups	RUS	Gorshkova et al., 2001
Halenaquinone (89)/sponge	Polyketidee	Induction of apoptosis	Inhibition of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase	JAPN	Fujiwara et al., 2001
Hectochlorin (90)/bacterium	Peptided	Inhibition of cell growth	Induction of actin polymerization	USA	Marquez et al., 2002
Iantherans A and B (91 and 92)/sponge	Peptided	Na+, K+ – ATPase and plasmin inhibition	Undetermined	JAPN	Okamoto et al., 2001b
Jaspaquinol (93)/sponge	Terpenef	Human 15-lipoxygenase inhibition	Undetermined	USA	Carroll et al., 2001
Jasplankinolide (39)/sponge	Peptide/Polyketidee	Increased outflow facility in monkey eye	Undetermined	USA	Tian et al., 2001
Linckosides A and B (94 and 95)/starfish	Sterol glycosidef	Induction of neuritogenesis	Undetermined	JAPN	Qi et al., 2002
Maitotoxin (96)/alga	Complex polyketidee	Modulation of calcium and sodium influx	Undetermined	MEX	Morales-Tlalpan and Vaca, 2002
	Complex polyketidee	Regulation of excocytosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes	Activation of cation conductance	GER, RUS, UK, FRA	Diakov et al., 2001
Micropeptins (97)/bacterium	Depsipeptidesd	Inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin	Undetermined	ISRA	Reshef and Carmeli, 2001
Pectenotoxin-6 (98)/alga	Macrolidee	Disruption of F-actin cytoskeletal	Induction of F-actin depolymerization	SPA, JAPN, ITA	Leira et al., 2002
Sculezonone-A and B (99 and 100)/fungus	Polyketidee	Inhibition of DNA polymerase α, β and γ	Differential electrostatic charges elicit different inhibition spectra	JAPN	Perpelescu et al., 2002
Scytonemin (61)/bacterium	Amino acidd	Inhibition of active cell proliferation	Inhibition of polo-like and cell-cycle kinases	USA	Stevenson et al., 2002a
Stolonoxides (101)/tunicate	Fatty acide	Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition	Effect on mitochondrial complex II and III	ITA, SPA	Fontana et al., 2001
Swinholide A (102)/sponge	Complex Polyketidee	Increased outflow facility in monkey eye	Undetermined	USA	Tian et al., 2001
Wondonins A and B (103 and 104)/sponge	Alkaloidd	Modulation of angiogenesis in vitro	Undetermined	S. KOR	Shin et al., 2001
Xetospongin-C (105)/sponge	Alkaloidd	Inhibition of smooth muscle contraction	Voltage-dependent K+ and L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition	JAPN	Ozaki et al., 2002
Yessotoxin (106)/alga	Polyketidee	Lymphocyte [Ca2+]i homeostasis modulation	Inhibition of calcium channels	SPA	De la Rosa et al., 2001

^aOrganism, Kingdom Animalia: ascidians and tunicates (Phylum Chordata), anemones, corals and hydroids (Phylum Cnidaria), sea cucumber and starfish (Phylum Echinodermata), bryozoa (Phylum Ectoprocta), sea hares (Phylum Mollusca), and sponge (Phylum Porifera); Kingdom Fungi: fungus; Kingdom Plantae: alga; and Kingdom Monera: bacterium (Phylum Cyanobacteria).

^bMMOA: molecular mechanism of action.

^cCountry: AUS: Australia; CAN: Canada; CHI: China; FRA: France; GER: Germany; ISRA: Israel; ITA: Italy; JAPN: Japan; MEX: Mexico; RUS: Russia; S. KOR: South Korea; SPA: Spain; and UK: United Kingdom.

^dNitrogen-containing compounds.

^ePolyketides.

^fTerpenes.

^gPolysaccharides.

The structure for jasplankinolide (39) is shown in Fig. 1. The structure for scytonemin (61) is shown in Fig. 2.