Table 2.

Abnormal structures that are important for cardiac screening sonographers

Abnormal signs	Possible anomalies
Up-abdominal and 4CV level
Associated with cardiac malposition
The heart and the gastric vacuole are both on the right side	Mirror-image heart or complete situs inversus
The heart is on the right side while the gastric vacuole on the left side	Dextrocardia; suggesting a high incidence of CHD
The heart is on the left side while the gastric vacuole on the right side	Heterotaxy; suggesting a high incidence of CHD
4CV shows the displacement of the heart to the right side	Cardiomediastinal shift caused by extra-cardiac situations
Associated with systemic/pulmonary veins connection
A vein flowing cranially was visualized adjacent to the DAO at the 4CV	It may be the azygos or hemizygous continuation of IVC interruption. It is necessary to determine whether IVC is connected with RA
A vein flowing caudally was visualized next to the DAO at the 4CV	It may be TAPVC with an infradiaphragmatic connection. It is necessary to confirm whether PVs is connected with LA.
Vein-like structure was visualized between DAO and LA at the 4CV	It may be pulmonary veins pool. It is necessary to confirm PVs is connected with LA
Coronary sinus was visualized at the atrioventricular groove at the 4CV	It may be caused by the drainage of aberrant PVs or LSVC
3VT level
A supernumerary Vein-like structure was visualized at the left side of the PA at the 3VT	It may be LSVC
A U-shaped confluence of ductal and aortic arches with the trachea and esophagus located between the two arches	Right-sided aortic arch; suggesting “rings and slings”

3VT three-vessel-trachea view, 4CV four chamber view, CHD congenital heart disease, DAO descending aorta, IVC, inferior vena cava, LA left atrium, LSVC left superior vena cava, PV pulmonary vein, RA right atrium, TAPVC total anomalous pulmonary veins connection